Columbus & the Start of Colonial America: Exploration, Settlement & Conflict - Prof. Julia, Study notes of Physiology

Download Columbus & the Start of Colonial America: Exploration, Settlement & Conflict - Prof. Julia and more Study notes Physiology in PDF only on Docsity! Study Guide, Exam 1 HIST 2010 1. the “w’s” - who, what, when, where, and why 2. Iroquois’ social structure - “quasimatriarcle”, women prominently in charge 3. Prince Henry the Navigator - 3rd son of his family (usually meant he was the lowest in his family, usually an adventurer), father was fond of him and encouraged him to stay home and start a navigation school, he developed the caravail (ship) 4. Christopher Columbus - Italian-born, ran away at 14 and joined a band of merchants because he loved sailing, did not believe the world was flat, set out to find a quicker way to Asia, was funded by Spain and took a 6-week voyage which drops him in what is now America 5. Treaty of Tordesillas - stated that all “new world” land went to Spain which was all the land west of the line drawn and everything east went to Portugal 6. Columbian Exchange - a trans-Atlantic exchange of animals, minerals, plants, organisms, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Indians 7. Spain’s system of governing conquered towns in New Spain - after conquering cities they would establish an Encomienda System which was a system of governing where nobles are given land and then enslave those who live on the land 8. Dominating European power in the 1500’s - Portugal, Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands 9. Martin Luther - Catholic tired of selling indulgences who is struck by lightning and his life is forever changed so he becomes and monk and nails his famous 95 Theses to the door of the Catholic church and starts the Protestant Reformation 10. John Calvin - agrees with Luther about most of his ideas except for predestination and free will and founds Calvinism, 5-point salvation system and God alone decides who is saved 11. English Reformation - King Henry VIII has an older brother that dies so he marries his brother’s widow, after a while he wants a divorce for another woman which is an issue at the time but ends up leading to the establishment of the Anglican church and a long line of wars over religion 12. Ireland - tried to be dominated by England but English attacks were never successful and the attitudes that England developed over the losses will reflect on the Native Americans 13. Richard Hakluyt - English publisher who wrote “A Discourse Concerning Western Planting” which stated that an island nation like England required outside colonies and resources to be successful (a bridge of ships) 14. Mercantilism - economic policy of Great Britain, theory of how a nation can obtain wealth and influence by a balance of trade between one or more nations 15. Jamestown - named after James I who granted the charter, Virginia Company aided in this first settlement of the new world, used the headright system an incentive to get people to go (get a way to Jamestown and receive 50 acres of free land) 16. Indentured servant - the alternative to the headright system, come to the new world and learn a skill or trade by being some else’s servant for 4-7 years and receive land based on skill level once your time is up 17. Maryland - established by Lord Baltimore as a Catholic colony but is taken over by Protestants who grow tobacco there and make money 18. Tobacco cultivation - single greatest income of the Southern colonies, different strains were grown and then exported to England in return for money and other goods 19. Motives behind slavery - three major motives: economic, political, and medical 20. Puritan - Protestants that ere against James I, wanted to reform the Anglican church and came to America for religious freedom 21. Separatists - separated from the Church of England and England itself by going to the Netherland initially but then move to the new world through the Virginia Company later 22. Great Migration - Puritans come to the new world to practice their religion 23. Puritan Communities - forced church, small communities, hard punishment for breaking the Sabbath day, attempted to make a “perfect society”, patriarchal (male dominated) 24. Roger Williams - wanted to “purify” Puritanism, believed in separation of church and state, established Rhode Island as a place of religious freedom 25. Anne Hutchinson - raised a Puritan in Great Britain, was only child that was told to speak her mind and opinions, teams up with John Winthrop and others because of her wealth, serves as a mid-wife because of all her kids, she speaks her mind in her Puritan community which ends up getting her exiled because of her thoughts on salvation and church 26. Witchcraft - those that came to America were very suspicious and an outbreak started in Salem when some girls fall under the influence and claim that things begin - treaty that ended the French and Indian War, England gained the Ohio Valley and all French-held land in North America, Spain kept New Orleans and all land west of the Mississippi River, and France kept and island province and their land in the East 50. British national debt - one major affect of the French and Indian War, due to Pitt’s spending the British had to change their government over the colonies, they felt that the colonies did not pull their weight in the war so England levied even more taxes 51. Proclamation of 1763 - a line drawn after Indians began attacking colonists over land they never received (Pontiac’s Rebellion and others), the line runs down the backbone of the Appalachian Mountains and all colonies are suppose to remain on the east side of the line 52. Stamp Act - passed after some other acts (taxes) that stated all legal documents were to be taxed, first excise tax 53. Virginia Resolves - document drawn up by the House of Burgesses, authored by Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson, claimed that since Virginia was under British control then it belonged to Britain and they should be able to tax themselves without Europe’s intervention 54. Virtual vs Direct Representation - argument over who should represent the colonies, Parliament claimed that they represented England and the colonies (virtual) while the colonists argued that they should have their own representatives in Parliament (direct) 55. British Response - Britain repeals the Stamp Act before it even begins due to the large amount of protesting and writes the Declaratory Act instead 56. Declaratory Act - stated that England/Parliament can tax things which are necessary to be taxed 57. Charles Townshend - passed the Townshend duties which taxed manufactured goods, the colonists resisted any way they could 58. Daughters of Liberty - a branch off of the Sons of Liberty (patriots fighting the taxes), made of women who would make home-spun clothes and things to keep the colonists from importing clothes from England, therefore avoiding the taxes 59. Boston Massacre - patriots are fired on after throwing snowballs at English guards in Boston, act of defiance against the taxes, 5 patriots were killed in the shooting 60. Tea Act of 1773 - passed by Lord North and Parliament to keep the East India Company from going bankrupt, gave the EIC a monopoly to sell tea, which was taxed, to the colonies 61. Boston’s Reaction - colonists reacted by having the Boston Tea Party and throwing over 350 chests full of tea into Boston’s harbor, the tea was not accepted at any other port on the eastern coast 62. Intolerable Acts - in response to the tea party England levied a series of taxes that were so exaggerated that they became known as the intolerable acts 63. Quebec Act - one of the more famous intolerable acts, stated that the control of the Ohio River Valley went to Quebec for management and Boston came under military control 64. First Continental Congress - held in 1774, much like the Albany Conference patriots got together to discuss the rights of the citizens in America and how to deal with the intolerable acts and other taxes, “founding fathers” are present during the meeting, militias begin forming and the onset of the American Revolution begins 65. Governor Gage - led the British soldiers to destroy all the store houses that had been created due to the high tension that a war might break out, they also set out to find John Hancock and others who were at the First Continental Congress meeting, start of Paul Revere’s ride 66. Lexington and Concord - beginning of the American Revolution, in Lexington the “shot heard ‘round the world” is fired, local militias begin fighting British soldiers