Psychology of Exercise: Antecedents & Consequences of Physical Activity - Prof. David X. M, Study notes of Kinesiology

Download Psychology of Exercise: Antecedents & Consequences of Physical Activity - Prof. David X. M and more Study notes Kinesiology in PDF only on Docsity! 1 KN 335: Exercise Psychology - Exam 1 Review Sheet The test will be composed of 30 multiple choice and True/False questions. Simply put, you are responsible for all of the material below that we have covered to this point in class. More specifically, you need to know: Introduction lecture Physical Activity- Any body movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure LTPA- Activity undertaken in one’s discretionary time that leads to an increase in energy expenditure Exercise- A form of LTPA performed on a repeated basis over an extended period of time with a specific objective such as the improvement of health, fitness, or physical performance Physical fitness- ability to perform work satisfactorily-- capacity/efficiency of body to do physical work Health-related fitness components-  Cardio respiratory endurance  Muscular strength  Muscular endurance  Body composition  Flexibility Health-related fitness- Concerned with fitness components influenced by PA and improves health status Performance-related fitness- Optimal fitness required for occupational or sport performance The two major concerns of Exercise Psychology  Concerned with the application of psychological principles to the promotion and maintenance of LTPA  Concerned with the psychological and emotional consequences of LTPA Why there is the need to study Exercise Psychology  To understand the psychological antecedents of exercise behavior in order to promote it o Adoption o Adherence o Noncompliance  To understand the psychological consequences of exercise to maximize the benefits o Reduce negative and promote positive psychological/emotional states 2 Approaches to health behavior  Biopsychosocial Approach o Belief that the body, mind, and social environment influence one another and ultimately behavior o Used today  Medical Model o Use of traditional forms of medicine for improving physical or mental health o Abnormal behavior results from a physical/biological cause and should be treated medically Science lecture Science- a process of careful and systematic inquiry Normal Science- An objective manner of study grounded in the natural sciences that is systematic, logical empirical, reductive, and replicable Five components of Science Systematic- identification and labeling of variables Logical- allows researchers to evaluate the conclusions drawn Empirical- describes data or a study that is based on objective observations Reductive- Researcher takes individual events and uses them to establish general relationships Replicable- Research process is recorded enabling others to test the findings by repeating the research or to build future research on previous results Steps of the scientific method  Developing the problem  Formulating the hypothesis  Gathering the data  Analyzing and interpreting results Why articles are published in peer-reviewed journals  Aimed at getting authors to meet the standards of their discipline and of science  Publications that have not undergone peer review are regarded with suspicion Peer Review- Process of submitting an author’s scholarly work or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the field How peer review works:  Authors write a manuscript and submit it to the journal of their choice  Editor sends copies of it to 2 or 3 experts/reviewers/referees in the field  Each reviewer reads, critiques, and evaluated the work 5 Motivation is predicted on in Expectancy-Value theories o An individual’s expected behavioral outcome o The value that the individual places on that predicted outcome The table of the Expectancy-Value approach applied to exercise behavior*notes The principle of triadic reciprocal causation*notes Self- efficacy- beliefs in ones capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments….. Situation specific self confidence o Subtypes of Self-Efficacy  Task Self- Efficacy o Simple motor tasks are assessed  Self- regulatory efficacy o Efficacy is assessed relative to impediments or challenges to successful behavioral performance Outcome Expectations  Perceptions of the expected outcomes of engaging in the activity  Value associated with the outcomes The primary sources (determinants) and outcomes of self-efficacy * notes Sources:  Mastery expenses/ past performance  Social modeling/ vicarious experience  Social/ verbal persuasion  Interpretation of physiological/ affective states Jerome et al. (2002) Methodology/procedures How the manipulation affected self-efficacy, positive well-being, fatigue, and state anxiety for the high and low efficacy groups for the GXT and acute bout of exercise Practical implications of the findings Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)- Originally designed to predict single instance behavior… Related to intention….strength of the relationship between the intention and behavior weakens with longer time periods  Attitudes o Belief about the consequences of carrying out the behavior o Positive or negative evaluation of those consequences  Subjective Norms o Perceptions of the expectations of others o Motivation to comply with those expectations 6  Intentions o Represents how hard people are willing to try and how much effort the plan to exert to perform behavior o Direct determinant of behavior How the Theory of Planned Behavior expands upon the TRA  Extensions of TRA  Perceived behavior control (PBC) o Refers to the degree of personal control the individual feels that he or she has over the behavior o Accounts for the many potential barriers to exercise  Attitude and subjective norm plus PBC are all influential predictors of behavior  Intervention techniques should be aimed at enhancing perceived behavioral control o Promote a sense of personal control over ones exercise behavior o Allow exercisers some imput when designing their physical activity program o Teach exercisers come methods to approach perceived barriers to physical activity The three psychosocial needs that the Self-determination theory assumes people need 1. For self-determination 2. To demonstrate competence 3. For relatedness or social interactions Extrinsic Motivation  Integrated regulation o Engaging in a behavior to confirm ones sense of self  Identified regulation o Motivated by personal goals  Interjected regulation o Dictated by self-imposed pressure  External Regulation o To obtain external reward for behavior Chapter 4 – Stimulus-Response Theory and Integrated Approaches Positive reinforcement- an enjoyable or pleasant outcome that makes a person feel good, and that strengthens a particular behavior  Accomplishment, feel good, praise, money, t-shirt Negative reinforcement- generally unpleasant or aversive stimuli that, when withdrawn after behavior, will increase the frequency of that behavior in the future  Riding a bicycle decreases Jacobs knew pain so the reduction of pain increases the likelihood that he will continue to exercise 7 Punishment- usually involves an unpleasant or uncomfortable stimulus encountered after a behavior, decreasing the probability of that behavior happening in the future  Uncomfortable consequences- experiencing pain or being sweaty- might deter the exerciser from being physically active Extinction- Withholding a positive stimulus after a behavior in order to decrease the likelihood of that behavior happening again in the future  People will decrease their exercise behavior if they stop attaining the positive benefits they associate with it (losing weight or feeling better physically) Cues- a signal to perform a specific speech or action Habits- a settled tendency or usual manner of behavior. A behavioral pattern acquired by frequent repetition that has become nearly or completely involuntary Limitations of the Stimulus Response Theory  Does not consider the role of cognition or beliefs about an outcome o Expectations o Perceived control o Perceived value  Is limited in its ability to predict and explain exercise behavior  Fails to provide information that can be used to develop interventions to change exercisers perceptions of a particular outcome Stages of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)  Precontemplation o No intention to start exercising in the next 6 months  Contemplation o Intend to start exercising in the next 6 months  Preparation o Intend to start exercising in immediate future; taking actions to prepare to exercise  Action o Exercising at optimal levels for health and fitness; working hard to avoid falling back into old lifestyles  Maintenance o People have been exercising for 6 months; not as difficult to maintain exercise routine as during action stage How people move through stages of TTM  Movement involves changing the following: o How people think about exercise o How people think about themselves o Aspects of the environment that influence exercise behavior  Changes occur through a combination of 10 basic experimental and behavioral processes