Exploring Lifespan Development - Test 1 - Lifespan Development | CHFD 2200, Study notes of Psychology

Download Exploring Lifespan Development - Test 1 - Lifespan Development | CHFD 2200 and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Exploring Lifespan Development : Test 1 8/25/10 Human Development is Interdisciplinary The Field of Human Development Scientific/Research based Applied Developmental Changes are a result of: Biological (physical, how we see each other/ people see us), Cognitive (thinking, how we think, putting it all in some sort of order) and, Socioemotional Processes Many forces influence development (3 big realms in which we learn and grow) 1. Sociocultural & environmental contexts 2. Historical circumstances 3. Life events or unusual circumstances impacting on the specific individual (on you in particular) Some Sociocultural and Environmental Contexts - Culture - Ethnicity - Socioeconomic status - Gender - Family/Parenting - Quality of education - Nutrition Exploring Lifespan Development : Test 1 8/25/10 Historical Contexts Affect Human Development “History-graded influences,” or Cohort Effects (text book words) - Votes for Women - Sexual revolution - 9/11 Life Events Affect Individual Development Examples: - Parental Divorce - Severe Illness - Car Accident - Winning lottery - Having a parent incarcerated - Death of a parent or sibling - House fire - Entrance into College - Having a baby This are “non-normative influences” (may happen to just 1 person anytime) Characteristics of the Lifespan Perspective Development is: - Multidimensional (different dimensions in which we develop throughout our life time) - Lifelong - Multidirectional (Areas of development not only grow but also shrink) Exploring Lifespan Development : Test 1 8/25/10 - The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development - Factors in resilience o Personal characteristic o Parental warmth o Social support o Community resources and opportunities _____________________________________________________________________________ Theories Psychosexual – Freud’s Psychosocial – Erikson’s Behavior and Social Learning – Watson, Skinner, Bandura Stages of Cognitive Development – Piaget Information Processing Theory – (Sense-it, learn-it, bank-it, use-it) Ethology – (the adaptive value of behavior: Critical period vs. Sensitive Period) Sociocultural Theory – Vygotsky (Bio) Ecological Theory – Bronfenbrenner Psychosexual Theory; Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality Exploring Lifespan Development : Test 1 8/25/10 Id: your wants, selfish needs Ego: part of yourself, biological needs Superego: Society, you’re conscious Freud’s Psychosexual Stages - Oral (Age 0-2) (weed away from mothers breast by age 2) - Anal (Age 2-4) (potty training, don’t potty train to early or you’ll ruin your life) - Phallic (Age 4-5) (focus on your genitals, things feel good down there) - Latency (Age 6-puberty) (school age, latent means hidden, or dormant) - Genital (puberty +) (second genital stage, focus on sexual changes, it re-awakens) Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Basic trust v. mistrust Birth to 1 year Autonomy v. shame and doubt 1-3 years Initiative v. guilt 3-6 years Industry v. inferiority 6-11 years Identity v. role confusion Adolescence Intimacy v. isolation Middle Adulthood Ego integrity v. despair Late Adulthood Behavior & Social learning Classical Conditioning………………Stimulus – Response (Baby Albert) (John Watson) Operant Conditioning ………………Reinforces and Punishments (Pigeons and food) (B.F. Skinner) Exploring Lifespan Development : Test 1 8/25/10 Social Learning………………………Modeling (Bandura) Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development Birth to 2 years of age Sensorimotor Stage 2 to 7 years of age Preoperational Stage 7 to 11 years of age Concrete Operational Stage 11 to 15 years of age Formal Operational Stage Through adulthood Information –Processing Theory 1. Sensory Register (Input) – We take info in from our senses 2. Short-term Memory (Working Memory) – Mental processing unit where info stored temporarily 3. Long-term Memory (Memory Storage) – Encyclopedic memory in which info is stored and from which it can be retrieved 4. Behavioral responses (output) Ethology Study of adaptive value of behavior and its evolutionary history Exploring Lifespan Development : Test 1 8/25/10 - DNA replication & division creates 2 diploid cells Meiosis: - Process by which cells that become gametes (germ-line, or ‘reproductive’ cells) divide - Process restricted to gonads (testicals & ovaries) - DNA replication & division creates 4 haploid cells Chromosomes, Cells, and Sex: Terminology Gametes Sex cells: Sperm or Ova Xygote Sperm and Ova united (fertilization) Autosomes The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes Sex Chromosomes - 23rd pair of chromosomes -Determines Sex -XX = female, XY = male Twins Fraternal/Dizygotic - Two zygotes, or fertilized ova - 1 in 60 births in U.S. Identical/Monozygotic - One zygote that divides into two individuals - 1 in 330 births in U.S. - When occurs determines what is shared Alleles Different forms of the same gene - Appear at the same place on both chromosomes in a pair - One inherited from each parent o Homozygous – the 2 alleles are alike (2 alleles for sickle cell trait) Exploring Lifespan Development : Test 1 8/25/10 o Heterozygous – the alleles differ (1 for sickle cell trait, 1 for typical blood cell shape) Monogenic Inheritance - Your phenotype is determined by a single gene Polygenic Inheritance - Your phenotype is determined by multiple genes which are additive or interactive Monogenic Disease Pattern: Dominant-Recessive Inheritance Chromosomal Abnormalities: - Down Syndrome o Problems with the 21st chromosome - Sex Chromosomes Abnormalities o Problems with the X or Y chromosomes Reproductive Choices Genetic counseling Prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine Adoption Genetic Counseling Recommended when: - Couple has had difficulties - Aware of genetic problems - Woman is over 35  Helps couples assess chances of hereditary disorders - Choose best course of action Exploring Lifespan Development : Test 1 8/25/10 Prenatal Diagnostic Methods Fetoscopy Ultrasound Maternal Blood Analysis Preimplantation Genetic Screening Amniocentesis Chronic Villus Sampling Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus Sampling Reproductive Technologies Gamete Donor - (Insemination & egg donation) In Vitro Fertilization (conceived outside the womb) Use of technology - Choosing sex of baby - Surrogate Mothers  Reproductive Outsourcing The Epigenetic Framework Epigenome: A layer of biochemical reactions that turn genes on and off Genetic-Environment Passive Correlation : When a child is really young and can’t make choices on his own, people around him are choosing his environment. Evocative Correlation: Has to do with what your genetic predisposition is and how people around you react to it. The environment kind of rewards you for what you’re naturally good at, enforcing those talents and developing you more. Evoking a certain response from people in your world Active Correlation: People start to pick their own activities. As they grow up, kids will pick niches where they can show their strengths to the world. Exploring Lifespan Development : Test 1 8/25/10 - Rationale for childbearing - Stability of relationship/finances - Expectations for childbearing and parenting Timing of childbearing – education/career Stopping contraceptive methods Nutrition - Achieve ideal body weight - Balanced diet/prenatal vitamins - Folic acid supplement (0.4 mg/day) - Limit/eliminate caffeine Genetic screening Dental care – poor dental hygiene = increased risk for preterm labor and birth Medications? Chronic health conditions – diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, seizure disorder, advanced maternal age Preconception Care Counseling Environmental and Workplace Issues - Teratogens - Cigarette smoke - Illicit drugs Don’t forget the male contribution - Limited data - Genetics - Alcohol, drugs, smoking Choice of birth place and provider - Birth center vs. hospital vs. home - Obstetrician vs. midwife Desired labor support - Pain management options Exploring Lifespan Development : Test 1 8/25/10 What are Teratogens? An agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo Potential Teratogens: - Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome) - Medications: anti-seizure, antidepressants, thyroid drugs, thalidomide, Accutane (isotretinoin) - Illicit drugs (withdrawal syndrome, behavior effects) - Radiation (DNA damage) - Occupational chemical exposure - Toxoplasmosis - Rubella - Cytomegalovirus - Syphilis Sensitive Periods of Development Maternal Anatomical and Physiological Changes Pregnancy affects: - Posture - Digestion - Blood volume - Breathing rate Women should expect: - Increased urinary frequency - Stretch marks - Emotional liability - Nesting instincts 1st Trimester - “Period of adjustment” 2nd Trimester Exploring Lifespan Development : Test 1 8/25/10 - “period of radiant health” 3rd trimester - “period of watchful waiting” Fetal Development 6-7 weeks Placenta begins to form Fetus weighs 0.001 oz Uterus = small orange Head is the largest portion Internal organs formed Heart is beating (since end of 4th week) Baby is floating in the amniotic sac Arm/legs buds with fingers/ toes buds Fetal Development 20 weeks Abdominal crowding (maternal) Fetus fully formed Eyelids still fused Vernix (mixture of sebum and skin cells) covering the body Fetus is 6.5 inches and ~1 lb (500g) Time of anatomical ultrasound scan Sex easily determined Fetal movement felt by mother Noticeability of the pregnancy depends on abdominal muscle tone and placenta location