Understanding Networks: Types, Topologies, and Devices, Assignments of Database Programming

Download Understanding Networks: Types, Topologies, and Devices and more Assignments Database Programming in PDF only on Docsity! SSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Nguyen Huu Hieu Student ID GCD201855 Class Assessor name Dang Quang Hien Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Ltkien Grading grid P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 M1 M2 M3 M4 D1 D2 D3  Summative Feedback:  Resubmission Feedback: Grade: Assessor Signature: Date: Lecturer Signature: Definition of workstation hardware 23 Definition of networking software 24 The inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software 24 Figure 1. Mesh Topology diagram ................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 2. Star Topology diagram ...................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 3. Bus Topology diagram ...................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 4. Ring Topology diagram ..................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 5. Hybrid Topology diagram ................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 6. Ground floor ............................................................................................................................ 26 Figure 7.Staff office ............................................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 8.Manager office ..................................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 9.Admin office .......................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 10.Teacher office .................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 11.Printing room ..................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 12.Server room ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Figure 13.1st floor laboratory ........................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 14. 2nd floor laboratory ............................................................................................................. 29 Figure 15.A physical design of the network .................................................................................................. 30 Figure 16.Ground floor ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 17.1st floor ................................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 18. 2nd floor ................................................................................................................................. 32 Figure 19. Set IP PC STAFF ................................................................................................................................. 39 Figure 20. Set IP PC MANAGER ........................................................................................................................ 39 Figure 21. Set IP PC ADMIN ................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 22. Set IP PC TEACHER ........................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 23. Set IP PRINTER device ..................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 24. Set IP Sever ............................................................................................................................ 41 Figure 25.Set IP PC STUDENT lab1 .................................................................................................................. 42 Figure 26.Set IP PC STUDENT lab2 .................................................................................................................. 42 LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES Figure 27. Created VLAN5, 6, 8 ................................................................................................... 43 Figure 28.Set IP address to VLAN ..................................................................................................... 43 Figure 29. Set switch port for VLAN 5 ....................................................................................... 44 Figure 30. Set switch port for VLAN 6 ............................................................................................... 45 Figure 31. Set switch port for VLAN 8 ....................................................................................... 45 Figure 32.PC Staff ping to PC Staff ............................................................................................ 46 Figure 33.PC Staff ping to PC Manager..................................................................................... 46 Figure 34.PC Staff ping to PC Admin ................................................................................................ 47 Figure 35. PC Staff ping to PC Teacher ............................................................................................. 47 Figure 36.PC Staff ping to Print .................................................................................................. 48 Figure 37.PC Staff ping to Web Sever ............................................................................................... 48 Figure 38.PC Staff ping to PC Student lab 1st floor ................................................................. 49 Figure 39.PC Staff ping to PC Student lab 2nd floor .............................................................. 49 Table 1. Addessing table .................................................................................................................................... 34 Page | 3 ❖ PANs are efficient, cost-effective and convenient. ❖ Some PANs can interact badly with other wireless networking technologies using the same radio bands. ❖ Bluetooth networks are relatively secure but have slow data rates. ❖ Bluetooth is a short-range solution - tens of metres - and is not suitable for wireless connection over larger distances. b. Local Area Network (LAN) A local area network (LAN) is a network of computers covering a fairly limited area. Most often, a LAN is confined to a single space, building or group of buildings, but one LAN can be connected via telephone lines and radio waves to other LANs any distance away. A system of LANs connected in this way is called a wide-area network (WAN). The distinction between a LAN and a WAN is that the broad-area network covers a fairly wide geographic area. A WAN is usually made up of two or more Local Area Networks (LANs) and is often connected through public networks (Beal, n.d.). Advantages of LAN (Jahejo, n.d.): ❖ Resource Sharing: LAN provides resource sharing such as computer resources like printers, scanners, modems, DVD-ROM drives, and hard disks can be shared within the connected devices. This reduces cost and hardware purchases. ❖ Software Applications Sharing: In a Local Area Network, it is easy to use the same software in a number of computers connected to a network instead of purchasing the separately licensed software for each client a network. ❖ Easy and Cheap Communication: Data and messages can easily be shared with the other computer connected to the network. ❖ Centralized Data: The data of all network users can be stored on a hard disk of the central/server computer. This help users to use any computer in a network to access the required data. ❖ Data Security: Since data is stored on the server computer, it will be easy to manage data at only one place and the data will be more secure too. ❖ Internet Sharing: Local Area Network provides the facility to share a single internet connection among all the LAN users. In school labs and internet Cafes, single internet connection is used to provide internet to all connected computers. Disadvantages of LAN (Jahejo, n.d.): Page | 4 ❖ High Setup Cost: The initial setup costs of installing Local Area Networks is high because there is special software required to make a server. Also, communication devices like an ethernet cable, switches, hubs, routers, cables are costly. ❖ Privacy Violations: The LAN administrator can see and check personal data files of every LAN user. Moreover, he can view the computer and internet history of the LAN user. ❖ Data Security Threat: Unauthorised users can access important data of an office or campus if the LAN administrator does not properly secure a server hard disk. ❖ LAN Maintenance Job: Local Area Network requires a LAN Administrator because there are problems such as software installations, program faults or hardware failures or cable disturbances in Local Area Network. A LAN Administrator is required to maintain these issues. ❖ Covers Limited Area: LANs are restricted in size they cover a small area like a single office, single building or a group of nearby buildings. c. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a method of wireless distribution for two or more devices that use high frequency radio waves which also have an Internet connection point. A WLAN allows users to move around the coverage area while maintaining a network connection, often a home or small office (Anon., 2018). Benefits of WLAN (Rehman, 2020): ❖ It is a reliable type of communication ❖ As WLAN reduces physical wires so it is a flexible way of communication ❖ WLAN also reduces the cost of ownership ❖ It is easier to add or remove workstation ❖ It provides high data rate due to small area coverage ❖ You can also move workstation while maintaining the connectivity ❖ For propagation, the light of sight is not required ❖ The direction of connectivity can be anywhere i.e. you can connect devices in any direction unless it is in the range of access point ❖ Easy installation and you need don’t need extra cables for installation ❖ WLAN can be useful in disasters situation e.g. earthquake and fire. People can still communicate through the wireless network during a disaster ❖ It is economical because of the small area access ❖ If there are any building or trees, then still wireless connection works Page | 5 Disadvantages of WLAN (Rehman, 2020): ❖ WLAN requires license ❖ It has a limited area to cover ❖ Government agencies can limit the signals of WLAN if required. This can affect data transfer from connected devices to the internet ❖ If the number of connected devices increases, then data transfer rate decreases ❖ WLAN uses radio frequency which can interfere with other devices which use radio frequency ❖ If there is rain or thunder, then communication may interfere ❖ Attackers can get access to the transmitted data because wireless LAN has low data security ❖ Signals may be affected by the environment as compared to using fiber optics ❖ The radiation of WLAN can be harmful to the environment ❖ As WLAN uses access points and access points are expensive than wires and hubs ❖ Access points can get signals of nearest access points ❖ It is required to change the network card and access point when standard changes ❖ LAN cable is still required which acts as the backbone of the WLAN ❖ Low data transfer rate than wired connection because WLAN uses radio frequency ❖ Chances of errors are high ❖ Communication is not secure and can be accessed by unauthorized users d. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than even a broad Local Area Network (LAN) but smaller than a Wide Area Network (WAN) zone. The term refers to network interconnection in a city into a single, larger network (which can then also provide efficient connection to a wide area network). It is often used to mean multiple local area network interconnections by bridging them with backbone lines. The latter use is also often referred to as a network for the campus (Anon., 2005). Benefits of MAN (Jahejo, n.d.): ❖ Less Expensive: It is less expensive to attach MAN with WAN Network. MAN gives you good efficiency of data. All data on MAN is easily manageable in a centralized way. ❖ Sending Local Emails: You can send local emails fast and free on MAN. ❖ High Speed than WAN: The speed of data can easily reach 1000 Mbps, as MAN uses fiber optics. Files and database transfer rates are fast. Page | 8 1.4 The OSI reference model OSI stands for Open System Connection. It was developed by ISO - International Organization for Standardization 1974, in 1974. This is a 7-layer architecture with each class having specific functions to perform. All 7 classes work collaboratively to transfer data from one person to another across the globe. ❖ Layer 1: Physical Layer is the lowest layer of the OSI reference model. It is accountable for the actual physical connection between devices. The physical layer contains information in bits. It is responsible for the actual physical connection between devices. When receiving data, this class will receive the received signal and convert it to 0 and 1 and send them to the Data Link layer, which will put the frame together. ❖ Layer 2: The data link layer is responsible for distributing nodes to the message node. The main function of this class is to ensure data transfer without errors from one node to another, on the physical layer. When a packet arrives at the network, the responsibility of the DLL is to transmit it to the Server using its MAC address. The packet received from the Network layer is divided into frames depending on the frame size of the NIC (Network Page | 9 Interface Card). The recipient's MAC address is obtained by setting the Address Resolution Protocol request to the power cord to ask, "who has that IP address?" Directly and the destination server will respond with its MAC address. ❖ Layer 3: The network layer works to transfer data from one server to another in different networks. It is also responsible for packet routing i.e. selecting the shortest path for packet transmission, from the number of available routes. The IP address of the sender and recipient is placed in the header according to the network layer. ❖ Layer 4: The transport layer provides services for the application layer and retrieves services from the network layer. Data in the transport layer is called Segment. It is responsible for distributing End to End of complete messages. The transport layer also provides acknowledgment of successful data transfer and retransmission of data if an error is found. ❖ Layer 5: Session Layer is responsible for connection establishment, session maintenance, authentication and also security. ❖ Layer 6: Presentation layer is also called Translation class. Data from the application layer is extracted here and processed in the required format for transmission over the network. ❖ Layer 7: Application Layer is also serving as a window for the application services to access the network and for displaying the received information to the user (Olivier, 2016). 1.5 The TCP/IP reference model The TCP / IP model was designed and developed by the Ministry of Defense (DoD) in the 1960s and is based on standard protocols. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. The TCP / IP model is a concise version of the OSI model. It contains four classes, unlike the seven layers in the OSI model. Picture 0.3 TCP Model ❖ Network access layer: this class corresponds to the combination of the Data Link layer and the Physical layer of the OSI model. It seems that the hardware address and protocols in this class allow physical data transmission. ❖ Internet layer: this class is similar to the OSI Network layer functions. It defines protocols that are responsible for transmitting logical data across the entire network. The main protocols in this class are IP, ICMP, ARP. ❖ Host-to-Host layer: This class is similar to the transport layer of the OSI model. It is responsible for contacting the terminal and distributing data without errors. It protects Page | 10 upper-layer applications from data complexity. The two main protocols included in this class are: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP). ❖ Process layer: this class performs the functions of the top three layers of the OSI model: Application, Presentation, and Session layer. It is responsible for inter-node communication and 17 control of user interface specifications. Some protocols included in this class are: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, SSH, SMTP, SNMP, NTP, DNS, DHCP, NFS, X Window, LPD. See Protocols in the Application Layer for some information about these protocols. Protocols other than those included in the linked article are: HTTP and HTTPS, SSH, NTP (Olivier, 2016). 1.6 Difference between TCP/IP and OSI Model TCP/IP OSI TCP related to the Transmission Control Protocol. OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection. TCP/IP has 4 layers. OSI has 7 layers. TCP / IP is more reliable OSI is less reliable TCP / IP follows a horizontal approach OSI follows a vertical approach. TCP / IP uses both session layer and presentation layer in the application layer itself. OSI uses different presentation and session layers. TCP/IP developed protocols then model. OSI developed model then protocol. (Kozierok,2005) Page | 13 Advantages of Star topology Figure 2. Star Topology diagram ❖ Less expensive because each device only need one I/O port and needs to be connected with hub with one link. ❖ Easier to install ❖ Less amount of cables required because each device needs to be connected with the hub only. ❖ Robust, if one link fails, other links will work just fine. ❖ Easy fault detection because the link can be easily identified. Disadvantages of Star topology ❖ If hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without hub. ❖ Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it is the central system of star topology. Page | 14 Figure 3. Bus Topology diagram c. Bus Topology In bus topology there is a main cable and all the devices are connected to this main cable through drop lines. There is a device called tap that connects the drop line to the main cable. Since all the data is transmitted over the main cable, there is a limit of drop lines and the distance a main cable can have. Advantages of bus topology ❖ Easy installation, each cable needs to be connected with backbone cable. ❖ Less cables required than Mesh and star topology Disadvantages of bus topology ❖ Difficultly in fault detection. ❖ Not scalable as there is a limit of how many nodes you can connect with backbone cable. d. Ring Topology In ring topology each device is connected with the two devices on either side of it. There are two dedicated point to point links a device has with the devices on the either side of it. This structure forms a ring thus it is known as ring topology. If a device wants to send data to another device then it sends the data in one direction, each device in ring topology has a repeater, if the received data is intended for other device then repeater forwards this data until the intended device receives it. Page | 15 Advantages of Ring Topology Figure 4. Ring Topology diagram ❖ Easy to install. ❖ Managing is easier as to add or remove a device from the topology only two links are required to be changed. Disadvantages of Ring Topology ❖ A link failure can fail the entire network as the signal will not travel forward due to failure. ❖ Data traffic issues, since all the data is circulating in a ring. e. Hybrid Topology A combination of two or more topology is known as hybrid topology. For example a combination of star and mesh topology is known as hybrid topology. Page | 18 IV. The operating principles of networking devices and server types Networking devices A network device is a node in the wireless mesh network. It can transmit and receive wireless HART data and perform the basic functions necessary to support network formation and maintenance. Network devices include field devices, router devices, gateway devices, and mesh hand-held devices. a. Repeater A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal over the same network before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to extend the length to which the signal can be transmitted over the same network. An important point to be noted about repeaters is that they do not amplify the signal. When the signal becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the original strength. It is a 2-port device. (Anon., 2019) b. Hub A hub is basically a multiport repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from different branches, for example, the connector in star topology which connects different stations. Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices. In other words, collision domain of all hosts connected through Hub remains one. Also, they do not have intelligence to find out best path for data packets which leads to inefficiencies and wastage. (Anon., 2019) c. Bridge A bridge operates at data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination. It is also used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol. It has a single input and single output port, thus making it a 2-port device. (Anon., 2019) d. Switch Page | 19 A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its efficiency and performance. A switch is a data link layer device. The switch can perform error checking before forwarding data, that makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets that have errors and forward good packets selectively to correct port only. In other words, switch divides collision domain of hosts, but broadcast domain remains same. (Anon., 2019) e. Routers A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses. Router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs and WANs together and have a dynamically updating routing table based on which they make decisions on routing the data packets. Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected through it. (Anon., 2019) f. Gateway A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks together that may work upon different networking models. They basically work as the messenger agents that take data from one system, interpret it, and transfer it to another system. Gateways are also called protocol converters and can operate at any network layer. Gateways are generally more complex than switch or router. (Anon., 2019) g. Brouter It is also known as bridging router is a device which combines features of both bridge and router. It can work either at data link layer or at network layer. Working as router, it is capable of routing packets across networks and working as bridge, it is capable of filtering local area network traffic. (Anon., 2019) h. Modems (Modulators-demodulators) are used to transmit digital signals over analog telephone lines. Thus, digital signals are converted by the modem into analog signals of different frequencies and transmitted to a modem at the receiving location. (Anon., 2019) Page | 20 Server Types 1.1 Definition of Server The server is a pc or tool at the community that manages network assets. for example, the document server is a pc and garage tool dedicated to storing files. Any consumer at the network can shop files at the server. The print server is the laptop that manages one or greater printers and the network server is the computer that manages network traffic. Servers are commonly reserved, that means they carry out no other mission than their server responsibilities (WordPress, 2016). 1.2 Operating principles of sever types This list categorizes the many different types of servers used in the marketplace today. a. Proxy Server A proxy server sits between a client program (typically a Web browser) and an external server (typically another server on the Web) to filter requests, improve performance, and share connections. b. Mail Server Almost as ubiquitous and crucial as Web servers, mail servers move and store mail over corporate networks (via LANs and WANs) and across the Internet. c. Server Platforms A term often used synonymously with operating system, a platform is the underlying hardware or software for a system and is thus the engine that drives the server. d. Web Server At its core, a Web server serves static content to a Web browser by loading a file from a disk and serving it across the network to a user's Web browser. This entire exchange is mediated by the browser and server talking to each other using HTTP. e. Application Server Page | 23 V. The inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software Definition of interdependencies Hardware is the PC's mind and software program is fixed of programs to operate. Software and hardware work collectively to run consumer service programs. Software program and hardware assist each other, and software program can be understood in an abstract way as something that cannot be held, inclusive of hardware and software depends at the hardware. Observe the commands (2018) to see the hardware and software components. Without software, pc hardware is useless. The software program cannot be used without the help of any hardware device. Hardware and software program need to work together. Different software packages may be downloaded on hardware to run absolutely exclusive jobs. Hardware manages software, those additives complement and can not perform independently of every different (Tutorial, 2018). Definition of workstation hardware Hardware e.g. network card, cabling, permissions, system bus, local-systemarchitecture e.g. memory, processor, I/O devices. A workstation is a special computer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems. Workstations offer higher performance than mainstream personal computers, especially with respect to CPU and graphics, memory capacity, and multitasking capability. Workstations are optimized for the visualization and manipulation of different types of complex data such as 3D mechanical design, engineering simulation (e.g., computational fluid dynamics), animation and rendering of images, and mathematical plots. Page | 24 Definition of networking software Software is a set of programs designed to perform a task. A program consists of a sequence of instructions. There are two main types of software: system software and application software. System software: allows operating, controlling and extending the processing capability of a computer. This software is necessary to run hardware and application software. The common programming languages to develop system software are C, C++, and Assembly language. Application software: is designed to achieve a specific user requirement. Some application software is as follows. Word documents allow creating documents. Spreadsheet allows maintaining financial details. Database Management Systems (DBMS) helps in maintaining data in databases. The inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software Both hardware and software are necessary for the proper functioning of the computer. Software cannot be utilized without hardware while hardware cannot be utilized without software. The difference between hardware and software is that hardware refers to physical components of a computer while software refers to a set of instructions given to a computer to perform a certain task. UNIVERSITY of GREENWICH *e toe th ape. aie “BT EC Page | 25