Figurative Language, Summaries of Literature

Download Figurative Language and more Summaries Literature in PDF only on Docsity! 7 Chapter II Figurative Language 2.1 Definitions of Figurative Language Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. Figurative language makes expression of varied thoughts and feelings. It comes to how to compose sentence effectively and aesthetically, it can give concrete description in mind of the reader. According to Pradopo (2010:62) Majas menyebabkan karya sastra menjadi menarik perhatian, menimbulkan kesegaran, lebih hidup, dan menimbulkan kejelasan gambaran angan. Figurative language is very common in poetry, but it also used in short story. Figurative language plays a major role in compelling literary works. Its primary purpose is to force readers to imagine or intuit what an author means with an expression or statement. Mulitiple literary devices and elements are commonly used in the category of figurative language. The important thing of figurative language is can makes language more colorful. It means allows people to express abstract thoughts. It create tone and communicates emotional content, often through humor. In addition to create the beautiful image of words, through the style of language can also give the personal impression of the author. It will be reflected in the diction of the words that used to make the reader feel comfy to read. In clearly or obscured a writing will surely reflecting the author. Because the process of writing needed by the brain that depends on the author itself. The author’s intelligence is evident from the constructed story and the style of language that used in the writing. 8 Related close to the figurative language which is discussed in this study, that will not be separated from the style of language, because form of language style expression. According to (Nurgiyantoro 2010 : 297) Permajasan adalah teknik pengungkapan bahasa, penggaya bahasan yang maknanya tidak menujuk pada makna harfiah kata-kata yang mendukung, melainkan pada makna yang ditambah, makna yang tersirat. Fungsi majas untuk menciptakan efek yang lebih kaya, lebih efektif, dan lebih sugestif dalam karya sastra. Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that figurative language is languages that are styled using a variety of specific language. And can be identified through the use of language that deviates from daily languages. 2.2 Kinds of Figurative Language According to Tarigan (1986:113) states that figurative language can be categorized into four groups, those are: 1. Figure of Comparison Figure of comparison divided into five groups , those are: simile, metaphor, personification, allegory, and anthitesis. 2. Figure of Contradiction Figure of contradiction divided into seven groups, those are: hyperbole, litoses, irony, oxymoron, paronomasia, paralypsis, and zeugma. 3. Figure of Correlation 11 - He is a gold son of my uncle. - Yanti is a flower village in my hometown. Personification Personification comes from Latin that is persona which means “human”, and fic which means “make”. According to Moeliono (in Tarigan, 1986:123) personification is the type of figure of speech which applies the character of human to inanimate object. Examples: - Love is blind. - The roaring wind. - The night wind cover up our bodies. Allegory Allegory comes from Greek allegorein, allos and agoreuein which means speaking figuratively. According Tarigan (1986:125) allegory is figure of comparison which is told with symbols. Allegory can be in the form of poetry and prose. Allegory is a style of language that compares two pieces of wholeness based on their overall similarities. Example: - The journey of human life like a river that flowing down to the cliffs, sometimes difficult to guess its depth, who is willing to accept all the garbage, and eventually stop when meets the sea. 12 Anthitesis According to Ducrot and Todorov (in Tarigan, 1986:128) Anthitesis is a comparison of two antyms. Examples: - She responds the slander with a good language. - My father has experienced many things in this life, he has gone through the bitter and sweet of life. 2.2.2 Figure of Contradiction Hyperbole Hyperbole come from Greek which means waste, exaggeration. According to Moeliono (in Tarigan, 1986 : 130) states that hyperbole is an expression which is exaggerated which means the amount, size, and the character. Examples: - My heart is broken when I see you with others. - Dad drank a million gallons of water after his run. Litotes Litotes comes from Greek litos which means “simple”. Litotes is figure of speech that the sentence express positive things with a negative form or contardictory forms. According to Tarigan (1986 : 131) states that litotes is the opposite of hyperbole that containing a minimized statement. For example to show humble attitude. Examples: - I am not a beuaty queen. - Please come to my hut. - This car is the result of our small business. 13 Irony Irony is figure of speech that express contradictory meanings which has a purpose to humiliate (Moeliono in Tarigan 1986 : 133). The purpose can be achieved by arguing: incompatibility between expectation and reality. Examples: - The room was spotless, lots of scraps of paper on the floor. - Your body is so fragrant that no one is approaching you. - Your writing is very nice like a child who just learned to write. Oxymoron Oxymoron is figure of speech which contains the establishment of a syntactic relationship between two antonyms (Ducrot and Todorov in Tarigan, 1986 : 134). Examples: - People who climb a mountain are attracting attention even though very dangerous. - Languages can be used as a national unifier tool but also can as a tool of divisive. Paronomasia Paronomasia is figure of speech which contains an alignment of words that has a similarity sound but has other meanings (Ducrot and Todorov in Tarigan, 1986 : 135). Examples: - On the nail tree was plugged into several pieces of nails to attract a flower pot. Paralysis 16 - Ronaldo and Messi are playing in the field. (rRemoval element of object: football) Inversion Inversion is the phase of figure of speech in which the use of sentence arrangement is not as common as usual sentence. In other words, inversion is the subject-predicet sequence change to predicet-subject. Ducrot and Todorov (In Tarigan, 1986 : 145). Examples: - I am hungry become hungry me. - The color is red become red color. Gradation Gradation is the figure of speech taht use the last words in the sentence became the first words in the sentence later (Traigan, 1985 : 146). Example: - I love you, you have given me a wonderful love that was change my life. 2.2.4 Figure of Repetition Alliteration Alliteration is the commencement of two or more words in close connection with the same sound (Drabble, 1985 : 18). Example: - Find me fifteen friendly friars. Antanaklis Antanaklis is figure of speech that repeats the similar words, but the meaning of word is dissimila (Tarigan, 1985 : 149). 17 Example: - Her body sweating after gym, so she drinks a bottle of Pocari Sweat. Chiasmus Chiasmus is figure of speech by which the other words in the first of two parallel clauses is reversed in the second (Drabble, 1985 : 189). Example: - She saved others; herself can not save. Repetition Repetition is figure of speech by which the same words or phrases are used repeatedly in successive clauses (Tarigan, 1985 : 152). Example: - Awake up my glory, awake up my lute and harp, and I will awake right early. 2.3 Meaning The term meaning is simply derived from the word mean. The word ‘meaning’ has a number of definitions as suggested by semantics, for instance, Leech in Dewi (2010,p.16) notes three points of meaning, those are: 1. Meaning involves the speaker’s intention to convey a certain meaning that may or may not be evident from the message itself. 2. Consequently, interpretation by the hearer is likely to depend on the context. 3. Meaning in the sense is something, which is performed rather than something that exist is static way. It involves action and the interaction. 18 Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary (2008:273) described meaning is a thing or ideas that a word, sentence, and other. Meaning is the relationship of language with external language agreed by language user in order to understand each other. Understand meaning is very important to know the message inside the short story. We are all necessarily interested meaning. We wonder about the meaning of new word. Sometimes we are not sure about the message we should get from something we read and we concerned about getting our own message accros to other. In this case people not only talk and write to describe things, events, characteristics, also express their opinion. 2.4 Semantics To find the meaning in figurative language, we must know the meaning of each word first to understand what actually meant by the author of the work. In English it is called semantics. Semantic is derived from Greek, from the word semanio (mean). Semantic is the study about meaning in language. Verhaar (1999 : 142) mention that semantic is the theory of meaning. Semantic is study about relationship between the distinction linguistics with relationship of symbol in the activity of talking. In traditional linguistics, language is viewed as the vocabulary which is contained in literary works. And According to Saeed (1997:3) in his book entitled Semantics said that “Semantics is the study of meaning of words and sentence or semantics is the study of meaning communicated through language.” According to Djajasudarma (1999:9) denotative meaning is a meaning has a relationship between concept and the world of facts. Denotative meaning has a real meaning or in accordance with the visible, does not contain hidden meaning. 21 the big publishers. So Dee self-published her first book on her 25th birthday as a birthday gift to herself. She never imagined it would be a best-seller. For her, it was only to fulfill her childhood dream. In January 2001, Supernova broke the record of the fastest selling book at the time. Seven thousand copies were sold in merely fourteen days. Ever since her first publication, her popularity as a writer gradually grew. The second installment of Supernova. Akar, was released in 2002, meanwhile her activity as a singer began to reduce significantly. Dee resigned herself from the vocal trio Rida Sita Dewi ini 2003. Dee continued her writing journey. Supernova’s third episode, Petir, was released in 2004. After that Dee published her first anthology, Filosofi Kopi, a collection of her short stories written in the span of ten years (1995 – 2005). Filosofi Kopi was chosen by Tempo Magazine as The Best Literary Work of 2006. The book also made into Top 5 Khatulistiwa Literary Award in the same year. Dee always saw herself as a multigenre writer who didn’t wish to be confined in one kind of work only. Young adult fiction has always been one of her favorites. Contrasting her previous “highbrow literature” association, she then wrote a young adult fiction titled Perahu Kertas . initially, the story was introduced as the first digital novel in Indonesia, provided by one of the biggest cellular services in the country. It was a success. Perahu Kertas managed to draw ten thousands of subscribers who read the story from their mobile phones. The printed version was released a year later by Bentang Pustaka. Up to now Perahu Kertas is one of her top best-selling titles. 22 Dee resurrected her musical talents again when her next book. Rectoverso, was published in 2008. Eleven short stories “mirrored” eleven songs that she had written and performed (each with same title). This experimental project became the first literature-music hybrid work in Indonesia. As a whole, Rectoverso was a multidimensional experience, combining audio through orchestral music arrangements, visual through book illustrations, and of course, literature. Produced by Tommy Utomo and Ruzie Firuzie. Rectoverso as the music album, was live recorded by 46 musicians under Magenta Orchestra with two main arrangers. Andi Rianto and Ricky Lionardi, Fahmi Ilmansyah who had designed Dee’s book covers for years, was in charge of the whole graphic design and illustration. Dee’s next book was an anthology titled Madre, another compilation of her short stories written in the span of five years (2007-2011). A collection of thirteen short stories and poems. Madre received Literary Award 2012 from the Ministry of Education and Culture. After nearly eight years break, Supernova series was back in 2012 with its fourth installment: Partikel. The launch became the talk of the nation, and made it into Twitter’s trending topic worldwide. Partikel received many good reviews from critics and readers. Even the legendary column in Tempo Magazine, written by a renowned poet / essayist Goenawan Mohamad, had made a whole post dedicated to Partikel’s leading character, Zarah. Aside of herself-publishing company, Truedee Books. Dee had worked with several publishers, such as Bark, Akoer, Gagas Media, and Goodfaith Production. Now, all her works are under one publishing company, Bentang Pustaka. The fifth episode of Supernova, Gelombang is released in October 2014. A year after, Dee 23 and Gelombang was awarded as The Most Favorite Fiction Author and The Most Favorite Fiction Book in Anugerah Pembaca Indonesia (Indonesia Readers Award). The Supernova series finally reached an end in February 2016 as the final episode. Inteligensi Embun Pagi, was released. The sixth Supernova book took the market by the storm. Ten thousand copies was sold by pre-order even before the book hits the bookshelves. 2.6 Synopsis of Madre’s Short Stories Consist of 13 works of fiction and short prose, Madre’s anthology is a collection of Dee’s work for five years (2006-2011). 1. Madre Tansen Roy Wuisan didn’t expect a day to be given inheritance from a grandfather that he never knew, his name is Tan Sin Gie. He does not even know he has Chineese blood. Tansen who loves freedom and has been living a relaxed live in Bali suddenly had to accept the presence of a breadbasket dough called Madre and Tan De Bekker old bakery that led by Mr. Hadi. And then, a women named Mei from Fairy Bread company, appears and wants to get Madre. 2. Rimba Amniotik This short story is unique because has an implied message and it does not characters or dialogue. Tell story about an unusual love letter from a mother to the fetus that being conceived, reflecting the amazing journey of man from nothingness to the birth.