Criminal Justice Terms and Concepts, Quizzes of Criminal Justice

Download Criminal Justice Terms and Concepts and more Quizzes Criminal Justice in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Decriminalization DEFINITION 1 Reducing the penalty for a criminal act nut not actually legalizing it TERM 2 actus reus DEFINITION 2 an illegal act. Can be an affirmative act, such as taking money or shooting someone, or a failure to act, such as failing to take proper precautions while driving a car. TERM 3 lex talionis DEFINITION 3 from hammurabis ancient legal code, the belief that the purpose of the law is to provide retaliation for an offended party and that the punishment should fit the crime. TERM 4 conflict view of crime DEFINITION 4 the belief that the law is controlled by the rich and powerful, who shape its content to ensure their continued economic domination of society. TERM 5 mala in se DEFINITION 5 A term that refers to acts that society considers inherently evil, such as murder or rape, and that violate the basic principles of Judeo-Christian morality.is considered wrong in itself TERM 6 victimless crime DEFINITION 6 an act that is in violation of societys moral code and therefore has been outlawed- for example, drug abuse, gambling, and prostitution. TERM 7 mens rea DEFINITION 7 guilty mind. The mental element of a crime or the intent to commit a criminal act. TERM 8 Crime Control Perspective DEFINITION 8 a model of criminal justice that emphasizes the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society. TERM 9 Rehabilitation Perspective DEFINITION 9 a model of criminal justice that views its primary purpose as helping to care for people who cannot manage. TERM 10 Due Process Perspective DEFINITION 10 the basic constitutional principle based on the concept of the privacy of the individual and the complementary concept of limitation on governmental power: a safeguard against arbitrary and unfair state procedures in judicial or administrative proceedings. TERM 21 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) DEFINITION 21 The ongoing victimization study conducted jointly by the Justice Department and the U.S. Census Bureau that surveys victims about their experiences with law violation. TERM 22 civil law DEFINITION 22 all law that is not criminal, including torts (personal wrong), contract, property, maritime, and commercial law. TERM 23 Misdemeanor DEFINITION 23 A minor crime usually punished by less than one years imprisonment in a local institution, such as county jail. TERM 24 Felony DEFINITION 24 A serious offense that carries a penalty of incarceration in a state prison, usually for one year or more. TERM 25 Exclusionary Rule DEFINITION 25 the principle that prohibits using illegally obtained evidence in a trial. Based on the fourth amendment right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures. TERM 26 Theories DEFINITION 26 a staement that organizes a set of concepts in a meaningful way by explaining the relationship among the concepts.ex; classical school ad positivist school. TERM 27 Amendments DEFINITION 27 4th. search and seizures5th. selfincrimination, doublejeopardy, grand jury6th. speedy and public trial by impartial jury, right to counsel, notice of charges,confrontationof witness,8th. prohibitsexcessivebail and fines,cruel andunusualpunishment,14th. no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process. TERM 28 Excuse Defenses DEFINITION 28 refers to situations in which criminaldefendantsadmits to performing the physical act of a crime, but claim they were not responsible for it because they lacked free will. TERM 29 First police departments in England and US DEFINITION 29 london metropolitian police depatment 1829boston 1838new york 1844philadelphia 1854chicago 1st commission and watchdog group TERM 30 Wedding cake model DEFINITION 30 1. celebrated cases2. seriousfelonies3. less serious felonies4.misdemeanors TERM 31 Factors influencing crime rates DEFINITION 31 age, immigration, economy, abortion, gun availability, gamgs. drugs, medical technology, tough sentencing, etc. TERM 32 victim patterns DEFINITION 32 the NCVS data provides a snap shot of the social and demographic characteristics of crime victims. TERM 33 Sheriff DEFINITION 33 The chief law enforcement officer in a county. elected TERM 34 Watch system DEFINITION 34 1.During the middle ages in England, men were organized in church parishes to guard at night against disturbances and breaches of the peace under the direction of the local constable. TERM 35 Tithing DEFINITION 35 In medieval England, a group of ten families who collectively dealt with minor disturbances and breaches of the peace. TERM 46 Suicide by cop DEFINITION 46 A form of suicide in which a person acts in an aggressive manner with police officers in order to induce them to shoot to kill. TERM 47 Stop and frisk DEFINITION 47 The situation when police officers who are suspicious of an individual run their hands lightly over the suspects outer garments, to determine whether the person is carrying a concealed weapon. Intended to stop short of any activity that could be considered a violation of Fourth amendment rights.that police may briefly detain a person who they reasonably suspect is involved in criminal activity TERM 48 Grass eaters DEFINITION 48 A term for police officers who accept payoffs when everyday duties place them in a position to look the other way TERM 49 Miranda warning DEFINITION 49 The results of 2 U.S supreme court decisions that requires police officers inform individuals under arrest that they have a constitutional right to remain silent, that their state can later be used against them, and that the state will pay for an attorney if they cannot afford to hire one. TERM 50 Racial profiling DEFINITION 50 the practice of policing targeting minority groups because of a belief that they are more likely to be engaged in criminal activity. TERM 51 Demeanor DEFINITION 51 the way in which a person outwardly manifests his or her personality. TERM 52 Probable cause DEFINITION 52 1.the evidentiary criterion necessary to sustain an arrest or the issuance of an arrest or search warrant: less than absolute certainty or beyond a reasonable doubt but greater than more suspicion or hunch. Consists of a set of facts, information, circumstances, or condition that would lead a reasonable person to believe that an offense was committed and that the accused committed the offense. TERM 53 Technology DEFINITION 53 phones: call box to telephones to radios to cell phones.cars: walking to riding horses to cars to motorcyles to unmarked carscomputers, dash cameras, LADAR, DNA testing, digital dental records , finger print system COMPStat- a program that carefully collected and analyzed crime data to shape policy and evaluate police effectiveness. TERM 54 Investigations DEFINITION 54 from active callcall on crime already commitedtip by informantgoing undercover TERM 55 Community oriented policing DEFINITION 55 COPS come out of chicago.solve problems in neighbor hood TERM 56 Broken Windows Model DEFINITION 56 A paper by george kelling and james q. wilson that advocates a new approach to improving relatyions in the community. describes the role of the police asmaintainersof community order and safety. neighborhood disorder creates fear, neighborhoods give out crime-promoting signals, police need citizen cooperation. TERM 57 Kansas City Patrol Experiment DEFINITION 57 15separatepolice districts were divided into 3 groups :1 normal patrol, 2proactive set that was setwith2 to 3 times the normal amount ofpatrolforces, 3reactivegroup had it'spreventivepatrol eliminated, with police responding only whensummonedby citizens to a crime scene.it was found that the presence or absence of the patrol did not affect crime rate. TERM 58 Crime mapping DEFINITION 58 Makes use of new computer technology. used by analysts in law enforcement agencies to map, visualize, and analyse crime incident patterns. TERM 59 Department of Homeland Security DEFINITION 59 federal agency responsible for preventing terrorist attacks within the united states, reducing americas vulnerability to terrorism, and minimizing the damage, and assisting in recovery from attacks that do occur. and Department of Justice TERM 60 Private policing DEFINITION 60 more than normal police officers. Examples are Wackenhut services inc who work with NASA. (theif takers) profit due to lack of formal police. TERM 71 Indigent DEFINITION 71 without the means to hire an attorney. TERM 72 Venire DEFINITION 72 the group called for jury duty from which jury panels are selected. TERM 73 Voir dire DEFINITION 73 the process in which a potential jury panel is questioned by the prosecution and the defense in order to select jurors who are unbiased and objective. TERM 74 Challenge for cause DEFINITION 74 removing a juror because he or she is biased or has prior knowledge about a case, or for other reasons that demonstrate the individuals inability to render a fair and impartial judgment in a case. TERM 75 Peremptory challenge DEFINITION 75 the dismissal of a potential juror by either the prosecution or the defense for unexplained, discretionary reasons. TERM 76 Preponderance of the evidence DEFINITION 76 the level of proof in civil cases; more than half the evidence supports the allegations of one side. TERM 77 Proof beyond a reasonable doubt DEFINITION 77 The standard of proof needed to convict in a criminal case. The evidence offered in court does not have amount to absolute certainty, but should leave no reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the alleged crime. TERM 78 Hearsay evidence DEFINITION 78 testimony that is not firsthand but related information told by a second party. TERM 79 General deterrence DEFINITION 79 A crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties. General deterrence measures, such as long prison sentences for violent crimes, are aimed at convincing the potential law violator that the potential law violator that the pains associated with the crime outweigh the benefits TERM 80 Specific deterrence DEFINITION 80 a crime control policy suggesting that punishment should be severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity. TERM 81 Just desert DEFINITION 81 the philosophy of justice asserting that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished. The severity of punishment should be commensurate with the seriousness of the crime. TERM 82 Concurrent sentences DEFINITION 82 prison sentences for two or more criminal acts, served simultaneously and run together. TERM 83 Consecutive sentences DEFINITION 83 Prison sentences for two or more criminal acts, served one after the other. TERM 84 Revocation DEFINITION 84 an administrative act performed by a parole authority that removes a person from parole, or a judicial order by a court removing a person from parole or probation, in response to a violation on the part of the parolee or probationer. TERM 85 Intermediate sanctions DEFINITION 85 the group of punishments falling between probation and prison (probation plus). Community-based sanctions, including house arrest and intensive supervision, serve as alternatives to incarcerations. TERM 96 jury trial DEFINITION 96 the process of deciding a case by a group of persons selected and sworn in a serve as jurors at a criminal trial, often as a 6- or 12- person jury. TERM 97 U. S Magistrate judge DEFINITION 97 a federal trial judge who isappointedby a district court judge and who presides over various civil cases the the consent of the parties and over certain misdemeanor cases. TERM 98 prosecutor DEFINITION 98 representative of the state (executative branch) in criminal proceedings; the people's attorney, who is responsible forrepresentedthe public in criminal matters. TERM 99 public defender DEFINITION 99 an attorney usually employed (at no cost to the accused) by the government to represent poor persons accused of a crime. TERM 100 adversarial procedure DEFINITION 100 the process of publicly pitting the prosecution and the defense against one another in pursuit of the truth TERM 101 assigned counsel DEFINITION 101 a lawyer appointed by the court to represent a defendant in a criminal case because the person is too poor to hire counsel TERM 102 contract system (attorney) DEFINITION 102 providing counsel toindigentoffenders by having attorneys under contract to the county handle all(or some) such cases. TERM 103 pretrial procedures DEFINITION 103 critical pretrial processes and decisions, including bail, arraignment, and pleanegotiation. TERM 104 bail DEFINITION 104 the monetary amount for or condition of pretrial release, normally set by a judge at theinitialappearance. TERM 105 pretrial detention DEFINITION 105 holding an offender in secure confinement before trial. TERM 106 release on recognizance (ROR) DEFINITION 106 a nonmonetaryconditionsfor the pretrial release of an accused individual;eligibledefendantsare released without bail upon their promise to return for trial. TERM 107 conditional bail DEFINITION 107 the defendant is released is released after promising to obey some specified conditions in lieu of cash, such as attending a treatment program before trial. TERM 108 unsecured DEFINITION 108 the defendant is released with no immediate requirement of payment. However, if thedefendantfails to appear; he or she is liable for the full amount. TERM 109 manhattan bail project DEFINITION 109 the innovative experiment in bail reform that introduced and successfully tested the concept of release on recognizance. TERM 110 deposit bail DEFINITION 110 the monetary amount set by a judge at a hearing as a condition of pretria release; thepercentageof the total bond required to be paid by the defendant. TERM 121 adjudication DEFINITION 121 the determination of guilt or innocence; a judgement concerning criminal charges. The majority of offenders charged plead guilty;is the legal process by which an arbiter or judge reviews evidence and argumentation including legal reasoning set forth by opposing parties or litigants to come to a decision which determines rights and obligations between the parties involved. TERM 122 missouri plan DEFINITION 122 the state of missouri pioneered a nonpartism method of selection judges. used by 30 states. TERM 123 Parens patriae DEFINITION 123 Latin term meaning father. According to this legal philosophy, the government is the guardian of everyone who has a disability, especially children, and has a legal duty to act in their best interests until they reach the age of majority. TERM 124 Disposition DEFINITION 124 For juvenile offenders, the equivalent of sentencing for adult offenders. The theory is more rehabilitative than retributive. Possible may be to dismiss the case, release the youth to the custody of his or her parents, place the offender on probation, or send him or her to an institution or state correctional institution. TERM 125 Detention DEFINITION 125 The temporary care of a child alleged to be a delinquent or status offender who requires secure custody, pending court disposition. TERM 126 Waiver DEFINITION 126 A practice in which the juvenile court waives its jurisdiction over a juvenile and transfers the case to adult criminal court for trial. In some states, is held to determine jurisdiction; in others, juveniles may be automatically waived if they are accused of committing a serious crime such as murder. TERM 127 Transfer hearing DEFINITION 127 The hearing in which a decision is made to waive a juvenile offender, in the form of therapy, or educational or vocational programs. TERM 128 Commitment DEFINITION 128 Decision of a judge ordering an adjudicated and sentenced juvenile offender to be placed in a correctional facility. TERM 129 Cyber crime- DEFINITION 129 Illegal behavior that targets the security of computer systems and/or the data accessed and processed by computer networks. TERM 130 Walnut Street Jail DEFINITION 130 in 1970 a separate wing of Philadelphias walnut street jail was built to house convicted felons. This was the for runner of the secure correctional system in the united states. TERM 131 Medical model DEFINITION 131 A view of corrections holding that convicted offenders are victims of their environment who need care and treatment to transfer them into valuable members of society. TERM 132 Phishing DEFINITION 132 illegally acquiring personal information, such as bank passwords and credit card numbers, by masquerading as a trustworthy person or business in what appears to be an official electronic communication, such as an email or instant message. The tern comes from the lures used to fish for financial information and passwords. TERM 133 Cyber stalking DEFINITION 133 - using the internet, email, or other electronic communications devices to stalk or harass another person TERM 134 Inmate social code DEFINITION 134 an unwritten code of behavior, passed from older inmates to younger ones, that gives guidelines for appropriate inmate behavior within the correctional institutions. TERM 135 Inmate subculture DEFINITION 135 - The loosely defined culture that pervades prisons and has its own norms, rules, and language. TERM 146 1st. juvenile court DEFINITION 146 Illinois 1899 TERM 147 Juvenile court process DEFINITION 147 Referred in -> Prosecution sees if they want to try the case, send them home, or send them to adult court, send them to juvenile court.->juvenilecourt intake pretrial may send you to adetentioncenter, -> formal processing is the processing for juvenile court from here the child can be dismissed or sent to adult court, adult court can also send a case down to juvenile court at this time.->adjudicationmeans trial is next -> the child is then sent to have probation or non residential disposition or they will go to residential placemtn and from there they will go to after care. TERM 148 youths in adult court DEFINITION 148 direct file waiver excluded offense waiver judicial waiver reverse waiver TERM 149 direct file waiver DEFINITION 149 the prosecution has thediscretionof filing charges for certain legislativelydesignatedoffenses in either juvenile or criminal court. TERM 150 excluded offense waiver DEFINITION 150 state laws exclude from juvenile court jurisduciton certain offenses that are either very minor: such as traffic or fishing violations, or very serious, such as murder. TERM 151 judicial waiver DEFINITION 151 after a formal hearing at which both prosecutor and defense attorney present evidence, a juvenile court judge may decide to waive jursidiction and transfer the case to criminal court. aslo known as binding over or certifying juvnile cases to criminal court. TERM 152 reverse waiver DEFINITION 152 state laws thatmandatethat certain offenses be tried in adult court. the adult trial judge may decide theoffenderwould be betterservedin juvenile court. TERM 153 Auburn system DEFINITION 153 now known as the congregate because most prisoners worked and ate as a group. prison design, first used in new york, that allowed inmates to engage in group activities such as work, meals, and recreation.is a penal method of the 19th century in which persons worked during the day in groups and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times. TERM 154 Pennsylvania system DEFINITION 154 repent for sins.isolatedinmates from one another to prevent them from planning escapes, make them easy to manage, and gives them time to do practice.The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Class I railroad, founded in 1846. Commonly referred to as the "Pennsy," the PRR was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. TERM 155 medical model DEFINITION 155 a correctional philosophy based on the belief that inmates are sick people who need treatment, rather thanpunishmentto help them reformMedical model is the term cited by psychiatrist Ronald D. Laing in his The Politics of the Family and Other Essays (1971), for the "set of procedures in which all doctors are trained." This set includes complaint, history, physical examination, ancillary tests if needed, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis with and without treatment. TERM 156 Prison security levels DEFINITION 156 Maximum Super-maximum medium minimum TERM 157 maximum- security prison DEFINITION 157 have dangerous felons and maintain strict secure measures, high walls, and limited contact with the outside world. TERM 158 super-maximum security prison DEFINITION 158 uses high level security measures to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. on lock down 23 hrs a day, only come out when they are shackled. TERM 159 medium-security prison DEFINITION 159 less secure, houses nonviolent offenders and provide more opportunities for contact with the outside world. TERM 160 minimum-security prison DEFINITION 160 least secure houses white collar and nonviolent offenders , maintains fe security measures, and has liberal furlough and visitation policies. TERM 171 after care DEFINITION 171 parole TERM 172 residential child care facility DEFINITION 172 halfway house TERM 173 disposition DEFINITION 173 sentencing TERM 174 adjustment DEFINITION 174 plea bargain TERM 175 terrorism DEFINITION 175 intended to influence an audience, premeditated, politicallymotivatedviolence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents. TERM 176 Department of Homeland Security DEFINITION 176 created after 9/11 to secure the nation's borders and transportation system, TERM 177 USA Patriot Act DEFINITION 177 The USA PATRIOT Act is an Act of the U.S. Congress that was signed into law by President George W. TERM 178 cyber crimes DEFINITION 178 cyber theftcyber vandalismcyber terrorism TERM 179 phishing DEFINITION 179 a way of attempting to acquire information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. TERM 180 social structure theory DEFINITION 180 a perrson's position in the social structure controls his or her behavior.. the poor are more likely to succomb to crime- promoting elemennts in the environment.disorganization, cultural deviance and strain theories. TERM 181 social process theory DEFINITION 181 an individual's behavior is shaped byinteractionswithkeysocial institutions with key social institutions-family, school, peer group,and the like.learning theory, control theory, self-control, and reaction theory. TERM 182 social conflict theory DEFINITION 182 human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict, and those who maintain social power use it to further their own interest.Marxist-based social theory which argues that individuals and groups within society have differing amounts of material and non-material resources (the wealthy vs. TERM 183 continuum of force DEFINITION 183 verbal command->contactcontrol->compliancetechnique- >defensive tactics-> deadly force.