Psychology Research Methods: Reasoning, Observation, & Data Collection Techniques, Quizzes of Psychology

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TERM 1 Deductive Reasoning DEFINITION 1 general to specific TERM 2 Inductive Reasoning DEFINITION 2 specific to general TERM 3 Naturalistic Observation DEFINITION 3 careful observation of behavior in the natural environment without intervening directlyPro- realistic view of behaviorCon- hard to be unobtrusive, time consuming, doesn't allow discovery of causes of behavior TERM 4 Archival Research DEFINITION 4 technique that involves analyzing already collected datapros: easy, quick, cheap, don't need access to participantscons: no control over methods, may be hard to compare data from different resources TERM 5 Correlational Study DEFINITION 5 examine relationship between 2 or more variables; expected that if one changes, the other will change as welluseful when it's impossible and unethical to manipulate variables TERM 6 Positive Correlation DEFINITION 6 the variables move in the same direction TERM 7 Negative Correlation DEFINITION 7 the variables move in opposite directions TERM 8 Independent Variable DEFINITION 8 variable that is manipulated by the researcher TERM 9 Dependent Variable DEFINITION 9 the variable that is measured; the response of the participant when the researcher changes their environment TERM 10 Quasi- Experimental Study DEFINITION 10 type of design in which theexperimenterdoes not manipulate the IV or randomly assign participants to groups TERM 21 Sample DEFINITION 21 All the participants selected to take part in the study TERM 22 Probability Sampling DEFINITION 22 Can specify probability that each member of the population will be included in the sample TERM 23 Convenience Sampling DEFINITION 23 Can not specify probability that each member will be included TERM 24 Simple Random Sampling DEFINITION 24 Probability SampleEach person in population has equal chance of being selected.Usually creates most representative sample but can be difficult to achieve TERM 25 Systematic Sampling DEFINITION 25 Probability SampleChoose every nth person from the population to be in sample TERM 26 Stratified Random Sampling DEFINITION 26 Probability SampleEnsures that all groups in population are represented in the same proportion in the sample TERM 27 Cluster Sampling DEFINITION 27 Probability SampleRandomly select certain number of population units then enlist participation from people in those units TERM 28 Multistage Cluster Sampling DEFINITION 28 Probability SampleRandomly sample multiple levels of clusters TERM 29 Volunteer Sampling DEFINITION 29 Convenience SamplingNon random sample chosen for practical reasons from people who are easily available TERM 30 Quota Sampling DEFINITION 30 Convenience SampleSelect participants based on set quota for how many of each type of person wanted in sample TERM 31 Snowball Sampling DEFINITION 31 Convenience SampleResearch enlists the help of participants to recruit other people to participate in study TERM 32 Inferential Statistics DEFINITION 32 A set of statistical procedure used by researchers to test hypothesis about populations TERM 33 Alternative Hypothesis DEFINITION 33 A statement of the expected relationship between variables/ differences in levels of IV TERM 34 Two Tailed Hypothesis DEFINITION 34 Does not specify the direction of the difference or relationshipEx. Caffeine will affect memory TERM 35 One Tailed Hypothesis DEFINITION 35 Predicts a specific direction of the difference or relationshipEx. Caffeine will improve memory TERM 46 Elimination DEFINITION 46 Control in between subjectsResearcher attempts to remove extraneous variable from researchSome can't be eliminated (gender, age, weight, ethnicity, marital status) TERM 47 Constancy DEFINITION 47 Control in between subjectsReduce extraneous variable to a single constant value that is experienced by all participantsEasier than eliminationCan be used for some personal variablesCan reduce external validity TERM 48 Equating Groups DEFINITION 48 Control in between subjectsDistributes extraneous variables equally to all groupsEx. 10 males, 10 females TERM 49 Randomization DEFINITION 49 Control in between subjectsOnly one that controls for unknown factorsControls for extraneous variables by making sure every person has an equally likely chance of being in the experiment/ groupRelies on chanceTypes: random sampling and random assignment TERM 50 Control in between subjects DEFINITION 50 Differences between participants and their experiences TERM 51 Counterbalancing DEFINITION 51 Control in within subjectsPresents levels of IV in different orders for different participants TERM 52 Order Effects DEFINITION 52 Control in within subjectsOrder in which participants receive levels of IV affects results TERM 53 Complete Counterbalancing DEFINITION 53 Every possible order of conditions is used equallyWith more conditions, the number of possible orders adds up quickly TERM 54 Incomplete Counterbalancing DEFINITION 54 Only a portion of the possible sequences are used TERM 55 Latin Square DEFINITION 55 Every level gets a chance to go in each place in the sequence once TERM 56 Completely randomized design DEFINITION 56 Designs with 1 IV: Between SubjectsRandom assignment to groups1 IV and 2 levelsEx. Does caffeine enhance memory? Randomly divide participants into 2 groups (One who drinks 3 cups and One who drinks 0 cups) TERM 57 Multilevel Completely Randomized Design DEFINITION 57 Designs with 1 IV: Between SubjectsOne IV with more than 2 levelsMore than 2 groups of participantsRandom assignment to groupsEx. Does caffeine enhance memory? Randomly divide participants into 3 groups (One drinks 3 cups, one drinks 1 cup, one drinks 0 cups) TERM 58 Matched Subjects Design DEFINITION 58 Designs with 1 IV: Between SubjectsParticipants matched on factor thought to influence resultsEach pair of participants is randomly assigned to one of the levels of IVAfter experiment, compare each pair of participants-Helps control differences between participants because each one is compared with someone similar) TERM 59 Repeated Measures Design DEFINITION 59 Designs with 1 IV: Within SubjectsMost common type of within subjects designTypically involves giving DV, then introducing IV, then giving DV againExample: How does failure affect self confidence?Measure self confidence, introduce failure, measure self confidence again, compare self confidence from before and after failure TERM 60 Between Subjects Factorial Design DEFINITION 60 Designed with more than 1 IVTwo or more between subjects IVsExamine the effect of more than one iV on the DVMore than 2 groups of participants, random assignment to groupsEx: studying the effect of violent TV shows and heat on levels of aggression