Understanding Population Growth: Biotic Potential, Carrying Capacity, and Resistance, Quizzes of Biology

Download Understanding Population Growth: Biotic Potential, Carrying Capacity, and Resistance and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Population Ecology DEFINITION 1 Study of all the activities of a pop1. Density -Related to the dispersion or distribution pattern exhibited by the species.Random, regular, clumped2. Movements - Emigration, immigration, and migration3. Pop growth and numbers - biotic potential, carrying capacity, environmental resistance TERM 2 Biotic Potential DEFINITION 2 Max rate of pop growth which will result if all females breed as often as possible and all inds survive beyond reproductive age under ideal conditions TERM 3 Carrying Capacity DEFINITION 3 Average number of a species pop that can be a supported by a particular environment TERM 4 Environmental Resistance DEFINITION 4 Sum of all environmental factors that collectively inhibit the growth of a pop TERM 5 (K-N)/K DEFINITION 5 K= capacity. N= Pop number. K-N = number of inds an environment can support. Represents a rate of inc. The higher the value, the more inds can be added to the pop. As N reaches K, value dec and few inds can be added. Represents resources that can be used by inds, and as the pop number reached K, fewer resources that are available for new inds to use in the environ. TERM 6 Density Dependent Factors to Environmental Resistance DEFINITION 6 Biotic, maybe catastrophic, intrinsic TERM 7 Density Independent Factors to Environmental Resistance DEFINITION 7 Abiotic, often catastrophic, extrinsic TERM 8 Study of Vole Pop in Indiana DEFINITION 8 AS number of voles inc in pop, scientists found that: susceptibility to disease, stress, and mortality inc. Growth, sexual activity, maternal care, and milk production dec. Pituitary and adrenal glands inc in hormone levels. Moved some voles from high density pops to low density pops and after time found: glands returned to a normal weight and hormone levels returned to normal TERM 9 dN/df=r(inst)N DEFINITION 9 r = rate of growth = (B+I) -(D+E) (Birth, immigration, deaths, emigration). Represents change in pops number over a short period of time. r(inst) = per capita rate of inc at a particular instant of time. Change in pop number over short interval. Want to express pop growth inst, as a growth rate at particular instant. TERM 10 Exponential Pop Growth DEFINITION 10 Pop inc in numbers under ideal conditions. Geometric growth rate under these conditions, (per capita rate of inc) is max rate for species called max biotic potential. TERM 21 Semelparity and Iteroparity DEFINITION 21 Semelparity and iteroparity refer to the reproductive strategy of an organism. A species is considered semelparous if it is characterized by a single reproductive episode before death, and iteroparous if it is characterized by multiple reproductive cycles over the course of its lifetime. TERM 22 K-Selected DEFINITION 22 Density dependent. Life history traits that are sensitive to pop density. Few resources are available and pop grows slowly. Selection favors adaptations that enable orgs to survive/reproduce with few resources. Competitive ability and efficient resource use should be favored in pops that are at/near K. Iteroparity TERM 23 Characteristic of R Selected DEFINITION 23 Maturation time: short. Life span: short. Death Rate: high. Number of Offspring per effort: high/many. Time of first reproduction: early. Offspring size: small. Parental Care: none TERM 24 Characteristics of K selected DEFINITION 24 Maturation time: long. Life span: long. Death Rate: few. Number of Offspring per effort: low/few. Time of first reproduction: late. Offspring size: large. Parental Care: extensive TERM 25 Demography DEFINITION 25 Factors that determine size and structure of a pop through time. Demographic analysis of pop is based on a data set called a life table. Summarizes the probability that an ind will survive and reproduce on any given year over the course of its life time. TERM 26 Natality Rates DEFINITION 26 Inc in the numbers due only to normal rate of reproduction over time. Species, age(size), age structure, sex ratio, type of food. TERM 27 Mortality Rates DEFINITION 27 Numbers (percents) of inds dying in a pop TERM 28 Survivorship Rates DEFINITION 28 Numbers (percents) of inds still living at various ages (times) after birth. TERM 29 Metapopulation DEFINITION 29 Composed of two or more pops of a species that are "linked." Pops occupy discrete patches of suitable habitats. Patches vary in size, quality and isolation from other patches. Emigration/immigration. Species persist in balance of local extinctions and recolonizations in these patches/habitats. Pop dynamics and gene flow in patchy habitats TERM 30 Community Level DEFINITION 30 All the inds of all the species localized in space and time. TERM 31 How to characterize this community DEFINITION 31 Vegetation and animals, trophic structure, richness abundance diversity, stability, comparisons TERM 32 Dominant Species DEFINITION 32 Most abundant. Exert "control" over occurrence and distribution of other species. Competitively superior in exploiting limiting resources. Successful at avoiding predation or impact of disease. Ex. Sugar Maples in Eastern NA TERM 33 Keystone Species DEFINITION 33 Predators. Control community structure and numerically but by pivotal ecological roles and niches. Ex. Mussels. TERM 34 Foundation Species / Ecosystem Designers DEFINITION 34 Species that dramatically alter their environment TERM 35 Trophic Structure DEFINITION 35 Plant-herbivore, predator-prey, host-parasite, interactions. Energy flow and nutrient cycling. TERM 46 Individualistic Hypothesis DEFINITION 46 Chance assemblage of species found in the same area because they have similar abiotic requirements. Lack discrete boundaries because each species has an independent distribution along an environmental gradient. Changes continuously along a gradient with loss or addition of species. TERM 47 Interactive Hypothesis DEFINITION 47 Assemblage of closely linked species, locked into association by biotic interactions that cause the community to function as a unit. Species are clustered into discrete communities with distinct boundaries because the presence or absence of one species is governed by the presence or absence of another species. TERM 48 Vegetation/Herbivore Community Relationship DEFINITION 48 Vegetation controls Herbivores, and vice versa. Also could be they can't control either. TERM 49 Bottom-up Model DEFINITION 49 Mineral nutrients control vegetation which controls herbivores which controls predators. TERM 50 Top-Down Model DEFINITION 50 Predators control vegetation which controls herbivores which controls vegetation which controls mineral nutrients TERM 51 Ecological Succession DEFINITION 51 Orderly and progressive replacement of one community by another community until a relatively stable community occupies the area (climax community) TERM 52 Seral Community DEFINITION 52 This process is characterized by changes in species structure, organic structure, and energy flow through time. All occur simultaneously TERM 53 Species Structure DEFINITION 53 Replacement of one species by another, early pops go through boom/crash cycles, number of inds/species inc. TERM 54 Organic Flow DEFINITION 54 Organic matter, soil fertility and moisture content inc. TERM 55 Energy Flow DEFINITION 55 Primary Succession and Secondary Succession TERM 56 Primary Succession DEFINITION 56 Areas devoid/unchanged by orgs. Barren rock cliffs, newly formed bodies of water, sand dunes, areas covered by lava. No soil initially occurs. Then lichens, mosses, and grasses. TERM 57 Secondary Succession DEFINITION 57 Areas where orgs have already been. Soil already exists. Primarily weeds. Controlled by activities of humans. Ex. Abandoned farms, mowed lawns. TERM 58 Climax Community DEFINITION 58 Homeostasis, greater productivity, more complex, interconnected energy and matter cycles. Greater biomass and species diversity. TERM 59 Homeostasis DEFINITION 59 Stability of pops, water/mineral retention TERM 60 Ecosystems Altered by Humans DEFINITION 60 Poor internal balance - boom/crash pop cycles; soil erosion, water/mineral loss. Less complex - one to two dominant species, kill orgs that compete with species we favor. Produce more of what we want. TERM 71 Competition DEFINITION 71 In an ecological sense, it is the struggle between inds for food, space, mates, and other resources that are limited. TERM 72 Interspecific and Intraspecific Competition DEFINITION 72 Inter - competition between 2 or more species. Intra - competition within one species. TERM 73 Interference Competition DEFINITION 73 Fighting, face to face interactions. TERM 74 Exploitative DEFINITION 74 Removal/use of a resource leaving less/none for others. Sneaky. Ex. Sonoran desert. Ant/rodent species: whoever finds seeds at beginning of the year has a better year. TERM 75 Competition Exclusion DEFINITION 75 If 2 species are in competition for same limited resource, 1 or the other will be more efficient at utilizing/controlling access to resource and will eventually eliminate the others in situations in which they occur together. TERM 76 Resource Partitioning DEFINITION 76 Where similar species are coexisting together, resources are frequently partitioned. Results from the "Ghost of Competition Past"Ex. 5 bird species using the same tree to feed. TERM 77 Character Displacement DEFINITION 77 Species that occur together in same environment tend to diverse in traits that overlap. TERM 78 Energy DEFINITION 78 Heat, light, chemical, electrical. Ability to bring about change or do work. Thermodynamics TERM 79 First law of thermodynamics DEFINITION 79 Version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. Energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed. TERM 80 Second Law of Thermodynamics DEFINITION 80 Every energy transfer or transformation inc the entropy (measure of disorder/randomness) of the universe. In all energy exchanges if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy (energy that had not been used) of the state will always be less than the initial state. Flow of energy maintains order and life. Entropy wins when orgs cease to take in energy and die. TERM 81 Food Chain DEFINITION 81 One way to follow energy of an ecosystem. Occurs when a specific group of autotrophs/producers is eaten by a specific group of consumers, which in turn is eaten by another group of consumers , etc. TERM 82 Why are food chains relatively short? DEFINITION 82 Energetic and dynamic stability hypothesis TERM 83 Energetic Hypothesis DEFINITION 83 Length of food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain. TERM 84 Dynamic Stability Hypothesis DEFINITION 84 Long food chains are less stable than short ones. Pop fluctuations from environmental disturbances at lower trophic levels are magnified at higher levels which may cause local extinction of top predators. Longer the food chain, the more difficult for the top predator to recover from a disturbance. Predicts food chains should be shorter in unpredictable environment. TERM 85 Food Web DEFINITION 85 Occurs when 2 or more trophic levels obtain energy from and provide energy to two or more trophic levels, resulting in a complex set of energy transfer.