Introduction to Psychology: Personality, Theories, and Disorders, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Introduction to Psychology: Personality, Theories, and Disorders and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Personality DEFINITION 1 refers to an individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits TERM 2 Personality trait DEFINITION 2 a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations. Honest, dependable, moody etc. TERM 3 Factor Analysis DEFINITION 3 correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables TERM 4 Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness DEFINITION 4 the "big five" personality traits that McCrae and Costa developed TERM 5 Psychodynamic theories DEFINITION 5 theories that include all the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud, which focus on mental forces. TERM 6 Id DEFINITION 6 the primitive, instinctive, component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle. Houses raw biological urges TERM 7 Pleasure Principle DEFINITION 7 principle that demands instant gratification of its urges TERM 8 Ego DEFINITION 8 decision making component of the personality that operates according to the reality principle TERM 9 Reality Principle DEFINITION 9 principle that seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found. TERM 10 Superego DEFINITION 10 the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong TERM 21 Psychosexual Stages DEFINITION 21 developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality. TERM 22 Fixation DEFINITION 22 a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected. TERM 23 Oral Stage DEFINITION 23 Psychosexual stage: first year of life. Child's feeding experiences are crucial to development. Could form obsessive eating or smoking later in life. TERM 24 Anal Stage DEFINITION 24 Psychosexual stage: second year of life. crucial event is toilet training. Excessive punishment may produce hostility towards the trainer. TERM 25 Phallic Stage DEFINITION 25 Psychosexual stage: Age 4, the genitals become the focus. Oedipal Complex emerges (erotic tendency towards mother, hostility towards father). TERM 26 Oedipal Complex DEFINITION 26 children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite- sex parent, accompanied towards feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent. TERM 27 Latency and Genital Stages DEFINITION 27 Psychosexual stage: age 6-puberty. Sexual urges become dormant until the next stage, at which point sexual energy geared towards opposite sex. TERM 28 Personal Unconscious DEFINITION 28 Jung: houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten. TERM 29 Behaviorism DEFINITION 29 a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior. TERM 30 B. F. Skinner DEFINITION 30 A behaviorist who discovered Operant Conditioning. TERM 31 Observational Learning DEFINITION 31 occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models TERM 32 Self-Efficacy DEFINITION 32 refers to one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. TERM 33 Humanism DEFINITION 33 a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth TERM 34 Phenomenological Approach DEFINITION 34 a view that assumes that one has to appreciate the individuals' personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior. TERM 35 Incongruence DEFINITION 35 the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience. TERM 46 General Adaptation Syndrome DEFINITION 46 a model of the body's stress response consisting of three stages: Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion TERM 47 Alarm Reaction DEFINITION 47 part of G.A.Syndrome: occurs when an organism first recognizes the existence of a threat. TERM 48 Stage of Resistance DEFINITION 48 part of G.A. Syndrome: during this phase, physiological changes stabilize as coping efforts get under way. TERM 49 Stage of Exhaustion DEFINITION 49 part of G.A. Syndrome: body's resources are depleted if the body cannot overcome stress TERM 50 Coping DEFINITION 50 refers to active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress. TERM 51 Learned Helplessness DEFINITION 51 a passive behavior learned by exposure to unavoidable aversive events. TERM 52 Constructive Coping DEFINITION 52 refers to relatively healthful effors that people make to deal with stressful events TERM 53 Medical Model DEFINITION 53 model that proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease. TERM 54 Epidemiology DEFINITION 54 the study of the distribution of mental of physical disorders in a population TERM 55 Prevalence DEFINITION 55 refers to the percentage of a population that exhibit a disorder during a specified time period TERM 56 Generalized Anxiety Disorder DEFINITION 56 a disorder marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any threat. TERM 57 Concordance Rate DEFINITION 57 indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder. TERM 58 Somatoform Disorders DEFINITION 58 physical ailments that cannot be explained by organic conditions and are largely due to psychological factors. TERM 59 Conversion Disorder DEFINITION 59 characterized by a significant loss of physical function in a single organ system TERM 60 Dissociative Amnesia DEFINITION 60 a sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting. TERM 71 Resistance DEFINITION 71 refers to the largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy. TERM 72 Spontaneous Remission DEFINITION 72 a recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment. TERM 73 Systematic Desensitization DEFINITION 73 a behavior therapy used to reduce phobic clients' anxiety responses through counterconditioning. Effective at reducing classically conditioned phobias. TERM 74 Aversion Therapy DEFINITION 74 a behavior therapy in which a deterring stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response. Effective with things like alcohol TERM 75 Social Skills Training DEFINITION 75 a behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping TERM 76 Cognitive Behavioral Treatments DEFINITION 76 treatments that use varied combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking. TERM 77 Anti Anxiety / Vallium & Xanex DEFINITION 77 drugs: which relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness TERM 78 Anti-Psychotic / Old: Thorazine, Haldol / New: Clozapine DEFINITION 78 drug: treats schizophrenia. gradual. works 75% of the time. decreases dopamine levels. TERM 79 Anti Depressants /New: SSRI (Seratonin) / Newer: SNRIs (Norepinephrine) DEFINITION 79 drug: gradually elevates mood and helps bring people of depression TERM 80 Mood Stabilizers / Old: Lithium / New: Valproate DEFINITION 80 drug: used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders