Final Exam | GEOG 120 - Urban Geography: A Global Perspective, Quizzes of Geography

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TERM 1 [Era of Economic Growth] Information Capitalism DEFINITION 1 DIGITAL DIVIDE (1990s-?) -Selling INFORMATION vs. stuff - Global production networks -Interplay between: Scientific/explicit (common) knowledge Firm based/tacit knowledge Ex) Talking on phone with Indian person TERM 2 [Era of Economic Growth] Export Oriented Industrialization DEFINITION 2 (1960s-?) -Would prop up industry with subsidies -More globalized -Asia (Japan, China) = "Miracle Economies" Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) -Fordist, Just-in-Time production TERM 3 [Era of Economic Growth] Import Substitution Industrialization DEFINITION 3 (1930-1980) -Develop domestic industry for domestic market -Based on NATIONALISTIC ideas & national economy ="dependency theory" -Subsidize domestic products -> high import/export tariffs -Inefficient economy, but you can squeeze out imports to become more efficient TERM 4 [Era of Economic Growth] Industrial Colonialism DEFINITION 4 (1800s-1900s) -Similar to commercial colonialism Slightly more organized TERM 5 [Era of Economic Growth] Commercial Colonialism DEFINITION 5 (1500s-1800s) -Exploitation -Extraction TERM 6 Unprotected Wage Work DEFINITION 6 -Can be fired anytime -Migrant workers TERM 7 Surplus Labor DEFINITION 7 -Too many hands to fill gaps in labor market -Very uncompetitive wages (low value) Pay less than ordinary TERM 8 Marginal Activities DEFINITION 8 Outside the ordinary/periphery Ex) begging show shining garbage dumps TERM 9 Competitive Wage Work DEFINITION 9 -If someone's better than you... Competition Can demand certain salary -Urban labor (small %) in Global South TERM 10 Protected Wage Work DEFINITION 10 -Can't lose your job -Government bureaucrats TERM 21 Roles of Housing (Global South) DEFINITION 21 -Site of social interaction -Shelter -Commodity/investment (Global North) TERM 22 Power in Urban Decision Making (Global South) DEFINITION 22 DEPENDS ON LOCATION -The State (specifically China) NATIONAL governments -> countries Subnational government -> municipalities, provinces, etc. Local government -Business interests -Elite Business, Bureaucrats TERM 23 Strong National States DEFINITION 23 CAN QUANTIFY IN GOVERNANCE... -Power is exercised by: Corporate community Political community [citizen action] State Civil society [community] -Orderly Ex) China TERM 24 Weak National States DEFINITION 24 CAN QUANTIFY IN GOVERNANCE... -"Soft" leadership = bribery -Sources of elite domination (aristocracy decision making) -Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) Foreign assistance, Governance -Alternative = Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Informal assitance -Chaos Ex) Sierra Leone, Congo TERM 25 Neoliberalism DEFINITION 25 A PROCESS [Thatcher & Reagan] A political and economic doctrine that emphasizes economic growth and free trade as mechanisms by which development occurs. -Particularly importance since mid-1970s -Affects both Global North & South in different ways TERM 26 Devolution DEFINITION 26 RELATES TO NEOLIBERALISM... -Down-scaling of political decision making by a national government -Formation of individual corporations -"Pass the buck" National -> Subnational -> Municipal Ex) Power ($) transfer from DC to Harrisburg government TERM 27 The Entrepreneurial City DEFINITION 27 Urban areas in which actors such as local bureaucrats, boosters, citizens, and business groups have actively pursued capital investment. -Caused by interurban competition through devolution Ex) Detroit: car production Baltimore: Inner Harbor Dubai: banking, luxury TERM 28 [Power & Politics Case Study] Singapore DEFINITION 28 -Capitalist society -Local fishing village until 1950s -Mobilized many resources, attracted manufacturing Now: top economy, big population, financing city, etc. TERM 29 [Power & Politics Case Study] Chinese Cities Ex: Chongqing, Lang Fang DEFINITION 29 -Central government: Provinces Special Administrative Regions (SARs) Municipalities Autonomous Regions Special Economic Zones -> not formal -Centralized decision making =made by central government TERM 30 Health and Pollution Issues (Global South) DEFINITION 30 -Location of pollution hazards -Sources of pollution - Environmental impacts TERM 31 Epidemiology DEFINITION 31 Mapping public health/disease Ex) 1850s: Cholera + Water pumps TERM 32 Environmental Health Issues (Global South) DEFINITION 32 -Domestic hazards Cook, clean, bathe = untreated water Close quarters, indoor particles -Workplace hazards Dust & toxins = respiratory illness Lack inspections/regulations -> child labor - Neighborhood/City hazards Air/water pollution, smog -> ingestion Toxic waste = carcinogens --> "SuperFund" polluters give $ to fix TERM 33 City's Ecological Footprint DEFINITION 33 The land area and natural resource capital on which a city draws to sustain its population and production structure. - "Somewhere else" suffers consequences Ex) L.A. elements = energy (wind farm) water (canal) carbon offset TERM 34 Factors Determining Health Status DEFINITION 34 -Personal/individual -Underlying/environmental -Structural TERM 35 Diseases of the Urban Poor DEFINITION 35 -Vector-born mosquitoes, rats -Sanitary/dietary diarrhea - Infections rash -Respiratory infections Tuberculosis - Malnutrition weak body=susceptible to disease -HIV/AIDS TERM 46 [Splintering Urbanism] Networked Metropolis DEFINITION 46 -Bundled infrastructure -Trans-oceanic cables TERM 47 [Splintering Urabnism] Customized Infrastructure DEFINITION 47 -Modern ports -Highways (catering to elites=private) -Fiber optic (fastest connectivity) -Business enclaves -> U.S. outposts abroad TERM 48 [Splintering Urbanism] Collapsing Technological Systems DEFINITION 48 -Decay [abandonment] -Sabotage TERM 49 "Privatopias" DEFINITION 49 -Skywalks -Pedestrian space for corporate class -Gated communities -Limited access highways (toll roads) -Heli- commuting (helicopter) TERM 50 Dubai "The ultimate digital city" DEFINITION 50 -Footloose capital Relocate $ through bank transfers -Mobile (remote) workforce Virtual commuting -Digital images for marketing Palm Island, tallest building, etc. -Outsourcing - Could Not happen without advent of ICTs -Almost ALL business functions are virtual/remote TERM 51 City Types DEFINITION 51 -Automobile-dependent city Decentralized, sprawl - Traditional walking city Organic -Transit city Centralized TERM 52 Traffic Problems (Global South) DEFINITION 52 -Rapid traffic growth Exponential increasing trend of vehicle ownership -Poor roads ...water, few bridges -Poor traffic management systems Lack of lights, signs, regulations = chaos! - Limiting access ...many uses on road -High cost Ex: railways Not enough $ for infrastructure priority -Accidents -Greater pollution problems (huge in China) TERM 53 [Mass Transit Solution] Rail-based Transit Systems DEFINITION 53 -Costly to build -Restricted spatial coverage, fixed corridors - Not competitive -Main advantage: takes people off street TERM 54 [Mass Transit Solution] Buses DEFINITION 54 -Cheaper and cost effective -Widespread solution - ENTREPRENEURIAL activity Driver=Owner=Profit $$$ TERM 55 [Mass Transit Solution] Intermediate Public Transit DEFINITION 55 - >50% of transit in Global South -Pick any people up along a fixed route -Bus taxis, company trucks TERM 56 [Mass Transit Solution] Motorcycle/Cycle Taxi DEFINITION 56 -Less fossil fuel Ex: a lot in Vietnam TERM 57 [Mass Transit Solution] Non-Motorized Transport DEFINITION 57 Most sustainable solution No fossil fuel use TERM 58 Urban Transport Strategies DEFINITION 58 -Capital intensive strategies of limited use -Scarcity of public resources and individual income limits options -Walking, non- motorized, and motorized intermediate public transport systems likely to continue to be important TERM 59 Sustainable Urban Transport Model DEFINITION 59 CURITIBA, BRAZIL -Bus rapid transit -Linear, direct, circular, and collector lines -Innovative and cheap Other cities have adopted this model. TERM 60 Beyond the Rural-Urban Dichotomy DEFINITION 60 -There are some places that are neither =Mix of urban and rural next to each other -Urban farming -Rural connectivity (internet) Ex: North Jersey, Shanghai Micropolitan: 25-50 thousand people Metropolitan: >50 thousand people