Biomolecules & Genetics: Terms on Proteins, Genes, RNA, Transcription & Translation, Quizzes of Biology

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TERM 1 Gene Expression (1) DEFINITION 1 The process by which DNA directs protein synthesis TERM 2 One gene- One enzyme Hypothesis (2) DEFINITION 2 Each gene dictates production of a specific enzyme/ Restated to one gene- one protein then one gene- one polypeptide TERM 3 RNA (1) DEFINITION 3 Intermediate between genes and the proteins for which they code TERM 4 Transcription (2) DEFINITION 4 Synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA/ Produces messenger RNA (mRNA) TERM 5 Translation (1) DEFINITION 5 Synthesis of a polypeptide which occurs under the direction of mRNA TERM 6 Ribosomes (1) DEFINITION 6 Sites of translation TERM 7 RNA Processing(1) DEFINITION 7 Modifies eukaryotic RNA transcripts to yield finished mRNA TERM 8 Primary Transcript (1) DEFINITION 8 Initial RNA transcript from any gene TERM 9 Triplet Code (1) DEFINITION 9 Series of nonoverlapping, three-nucleotide words TERM 10 Template Strand (1) DEFINITION 10 Provides template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript TERM 21 Termination in Eukaryotes (2) DEFINITION 21 Polymerase continues transcription after pre-mRNA is cleaved from growing RNA chain/ Polymerase eventually falls off the DNA TERM 22 End of pre-mRNA Modified by: (2) DEFINITION 22 5' end receives a mofied nucleotide 5' cap/ 3' end gets a poly A tail TERM 23 Modification Function (3) DEFINITION 23 Facilitate export of mRNA/ Protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes/ Help ribosomes attach to the 5' end TERM 24 Introns (2) DEFINITION 24 Intervening Sequences/ Noncoding stretches of nucleotides that lie between coding regions TERM 25 Exons (2) DEFINITION 25 Are eventually expressed/ Usually translated into amino acid sequences TERM 26 RNA Splicing (2) DEFINITION 26 Removes introns and joins exons creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence/ Sometimes carried out by spliceosomes TERM 27 Spliceosomes (1) DEFINITION 27 Consist of a variety of proteins and several small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that recognize the splice sites TERM 28 Ribozymes (1) DEFINITION 28 Catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzumes and splice RNA TERM 29 Properties of RNA That Allow It to Function As An Enzyme (3) DEFINITION 29 It can form 3D structure because of its ability to base pair itself/ Some bases in RNA contain functional groups/ RNA may H-bond with other nucleic acid molecules TERM 30 Alternative RNA Splicing (1) DEFINITION 30 Some genes can encode for more than one kind of polypeptide depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA splicing TERM 31 Domains (1) DEFINITION 31 Discrete regions of proteins TERM 32 Transfer RNA(5) DEFINITION 32 tRNA/ Translates an mRNA message into protein/ Each carries a specific amino acid on one end/ Each has an anticodon on the other end which pairs with complementary codon on mRNA/ Single starnd of RNA 80 nucleotide long TERM 33 Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase(1) DEFINITION 33 Makes correct match between tRNA and an amino acid TERM 34 Wobble(2) DEFINITION 34 Flexible pairing at the thirs base of a codon/ Allows some tRNA to mind to more than one codon TERM 35 Ribosomal Subunits(1) DEFINITION 35 Proteins and ribosomal RNA TERM 46 Mutation(1) DEFINITION 46 Changes in genetic material TERM 47 Point Mutation(4) DEFINITION 47 Chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene/ Can affect protien structure and function/ Base pair substitutions/ Insertions or deletions TERM 48 Base Pair Substitution(1) DEFINITION 48 Replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides TERM 49 Missense(1) DEFINITION 49 Still code for an amino acid but not necessarily the right one TERM 50 Nonsense(1) DEFINITION 50 Change an amino acid codon to a stop codon causing disfunctional codon TERM 51 Insertions/ Deletion(3) DEFINITION 51 Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene/ Have disastrous effect on resulting protein/ May alter reading frame to cause frame shift mutation TERM 52 Mutagens(1) DEFINITION 52 Physical or chemical agents that can cause mutation TERM 53 Gene(3) DEFINITION 53 Discrete unit of inheritance/ Region of specific nucleotide sequence in a chromosome/ A DNA sequence that codes for a specific polypeptide chain TERM 54 Operator(1) DEFINITION 54 Section of DNA that acts as a regulatory switch and is usually positioned within the promoter TERM 55 Operon(1) DEFINITION 55 Entire stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes that they control TERM 56 Repressor(3) DEFINITION 56 Switches off operon/ Prevents gene transcription by binding to the operator and blocking RNA polymerase/ active or inactive depending on the presence of the other molecule TERM 57 Regulatory gene(1) DEFINITION 57 Produces repressor TERM 58 Corepressor(1) DEFINITION 58 Molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off TERM 59 Repressible Operon(3) DEFINITION 59 Usually on/ Binding of a repressor to the operator shuts off transcription/ trp operon TERM 60 Inducible Operon(2) DEFINITION 60 Usually off/ Molecule called an inducer inactivates the repressor and turns on transcription TERM 71 Repressores(2) DEFINITION 71 Inhibit expression of a particular gene/ some act indirectly by influencing chromatin structure to promote or silence transcription TERM 72 Alternative RNA Splicing(1) DEFINITION 72 Different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns TERM 73 Proteasomes(1) DEFINITION 73 Giant protein complexes that bind protein molecules and degrade them TERM 74 MicroRNAs(2) DEFINITION 74 MiRNAs/ Small single stranded RNA molecules that can bind to mRNA TERM 75 RNA Interference(2) DEFINITION 75 RNAi/ Phenomenon of inhibition of gene expression by RNA molecules TERM 76 Small Interfering RNAs(3) DEFINITION 76 siRNAs/ Cause RNAi, similar to siRNAs but formed from different precuror/ Play role in heterochromatin formation and can block large regions of chromosomes TERM 77 Cell Differentiation(2) DEFINITION 77 Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function/ Marked by the production of tissue-specific proteins TERM 78 Morphogenesis(1) DEFINITION 78 Physical processes that give an organism its shape TERM 79 Cytoplasmic Determinants(1) DEFINITION 79 Maternal substances in the egg that influence early development TERM 80 Induction(1) DEFINITION 80 Signal molecules from the embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby target cells TERM 81 Determination (2) DEFINITION 81 Commits a cell to its final fate/ Precedes differentiation TERM 82 Pattern Formation(1) DEFINITION 82 Development of a spatical organization of tissues and organs TERM 83 Myoblasts(1) DEFINITION 83 Produce muscle-specific proteins TERM 84 Pattern Formation(1) DEFINITION 84 The development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs TERM 85 Positional Information(2) DEFINITION 85 The molecular cues that control pattern formation/ Tells a cell its location relative to the body axes and to neighboring cells TERM 96 p53(1) DEFINITION 96 Mutations prevent suppression of cell cycle TERM 97 Virus DEFINITION 97 Small infectious particles consisting of nucleis acid enclosed in a protein coat and in some cases, a membranous envelope TERM 98 Viral Envelopes DEFINITION 98 Surround the capsids of viruses/ Derived from the host cell's membrane/ Contain a combination of viral and host cell molecules TERM 99 Bacteriophages DEFINITION 99 Phages/ Viruses that infect pacteria/ Have the most complex capsids found among viruses/ Have elongated capsid head that encloses their DNA TERM 100 Host Range DEFINITION 100 Limited number of host cells that a virus can infect TERM 101 Reproductive Mechanisms of Phages(1) DEFINITION 101 Lytic and lysogenic cycle TERM 102 Lytic Cycle(2) DEFINITION 102 Phage reproductive cycle that culminates in the death of the host cell/ Produces new phages and digests the host's cell wall to release progeny viruses TERM 103 Virulent Phage(1) DEFINITION 103 Phage that reproduces only by lytic cycle TERM 104 Restriction Enzymes(1) DEFINITION 104 Bacterial defenses against phages that recognize and cut up certain phage DNA TERM 105 Lysogenic Cycle(2) DEFINITION 105 Replicates the phage genome without destroying the host/ Viral DNA molecule is incorporated into the host cell's chromosome TERM 106 Prophage(1) DEFINITION 106 The integrated viral DNA TERM 107 Temperate Phages(1) DEFINITION 107 Phages that use both lytic and lysogenic cycles TERM 108 Retroviruses DEFINITION 108 Use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA into DNA TERM 109 Provirus DEFINITION 109 Viral DNA that is integrated into the host genome/ Remains a permanent resident of the host cell TERM 110 Vaccines DEFINITION 110 Harmless derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses against the actual pathogen TERM 121 cDNA DEFINITION 121 Complementary DNA/ Library made by cloning DNA made in vitro by reverse transcription of all the mRNA produced by a particular cell/ Represents only part of the genome that is transformed into mRNA TERM 122 Nucleic Acid Probe DEFINITION 122 Can identify gene of interest/ Has a sequence complementary to the gene/ Process of nucleic acid hybridization TERM 123 Expression Vector(1) DEFINITION 123 A cloning vector that contains a highly active prokaryotic promoter TERM 124 Yeast Artificial Chromosomes(3) DEFINITION 124 YACs/ Used as a vector to help avoid gene expression problems/ Behave normally in mitosis and can carry more DNA than a plasmid TERM 125 Electroporation(2) DEFINITION 125 Introduces recombinant DNA into eukaryotic cells/ Applies a brief electrical pulse to create temporary holes in plasma membranes TERM 126 Polymerade Chain Reaction(2) DEFINITION 126 PCR/ Can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA TERM 127 DNA cloning allows scientists to: DEFINITION 127 Compare genes and alleles between individuals/ Locate gene expression in a body/ Determine the role of a gene in an organism TERM 128 Southern Blotting DEFINITION 128 Gel electrophoreses of DNA fragments with nucleic acid hybridization TERM 129 Northern Blotting DEFINITION 129 Combines gel electrophoreses of mRNA followed by hybridization with a probe on a membrane TERM 130 Reverse Transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction DEFINITION 130 RT-PCR/ Quicker and more sensitive TERM 131 DNA Microaray assays DEFINITION 131 Compare patterns of gene expression in different tissues at different times or under different condition TERM 132 RNA Interface DEFINITION 132 RNAi/ Can silence gene expression TERM 133 Totipotent Cell DEFINITION 133 Can generate a complete new organism TERM 134 Nuclear Transplantation DEFINITION 134 Nucleas of an unfertilized egg cell or zygote is replaced with the nucleus of a differentiated cell TERM 135 Stem Cell(1) DEFINITION 135 Unspecialize cell that can reproduce iteld indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types TERM 146 Simple Sequence DNA(1) DEFINITION 146 Contains many copies of tandemly repeated short sequences TERM 147 STR(2) DEFINITION 147 Short Tandem Repeat/ A series of repeating units of 2-5 nucleotides TERM 148 Mutlitigene Families(2) DEFINITION 148 Collections of identical or very similar genes/ Some consist of identical DNA sequences, usually clustered tandemly, such as those that code for RNA products TERM 149 Evo-Devo(1) DEFINITION 149 Study of the evolution of developmental processes in multicellular organisms TERM 150 4 Properties of Water Facilitate An Environment For Life(4) DEFINITION 150 Cohesive behavoir/ Ability to moderate temperature/ Expansion upon freezing/ Versatility as a solvent TERM 151 Effects of Changes in pH(2) DEFINITION 151 Concentrations of H+ and OH- are equal in pure water/ Adding acids and bases modify H+ and OH- concentrations TERM 152 Cell Does 3 Types of Work(3) DEFINITION 152 Chemical/ Transport/ Mechanical TERM 153 Energy Coupling(2) DEFINITION 153 The use of exergonic process to drive endergonic ones/ Mostly mediated by ATP TERM 154 Main types of Membrane Receptors(3) DEFINITION 154 G-protein-coupled receptors/ Receptros tyrosine kinases/ Ion channel receptors