Criminal Justice Terminology and Concepts, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Criminal Justice Terminology and Concepts and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 discovery DEFINITION 1 the pretial process by which each side tries to gain vital information about the case that will be presented by the other side. TERM 2 written interrogatories DEFINITION 2 statements from parties incoloced in a case may be taken in written form TERM 3 pretial actions DEFINITION 3 discovery- witness lists, evidence, trial strategy? disposition- going over questiong of opposite side before trial constitutional issues TERM 4 dispostition DEFINITION 4 usually an oral statement by a potential witness given under oath inthe presence of a court reporter and attorneys from both sides. TERM 5 jury selection DEFINITION 5 1. venire- draw a panel of prospective jurors (usually based on voter registration lists and lists of licensed drivers) summons to appear as part of jury appeal 2. voirdire- question and select jurors TERM 6 peremptory have so many to use challenge DEFINITION 6 dont have to demonstrate bias on juror. only so many to use, defense gets more remove potential jurors without giving reason TERM 7 advantages of a prosecution DEFINITION 7 1. full resources of the fovernment at its disposal to carry out a prosecution. subpoena witnesses can marshal tesimony from doctors, examiners etc. 2. can produce its evidence in a virtually unfettered way if a grand jury system is used to bring down indictments 3. has primacy and recency in its attempts at jury persuasion. TERM 8 advantages of the defense DEFINITION 8 1. discovery. the prosecution must turn over exculpatory evidence but defense does not have to turn over incriminating evidence. 2. peremptory challenges, more than prosecution 3. they do not have to take the stand on their own behalf. they do not have to put on any defense, the burden is on the prosecution 4. can never be tried for the specific crime again if found not guilty. TERM 9 batson v. ky (1986) DEFINITION 9 batson convicted prosecutor got rid of all white people on jury cannon exclue jurors because of race, gender TERM 10 opening statements DEFINITION 10 not part of evidence these oration made by the lawyers on each side give an overview of the evidencethat will be presented prosecutor goes first, defense can give right after or wait TERM 21 jury nullification DEFINITION 21 permits juries to acquit defendants who were legally guilty but morally upright TERM 22 venire DEFINITION 22 jury selection begins with this, the drawing of the panel of prosepctive jurors TERM 23 cognizable groups DEFINITION 23 because of certain shared charactersitics might also hold unique perspectives on seleceted issues a group of persons usually defined in terms of demographic charactersitcssuch as race or gender TERM 24 social desireability effect DEFINITION 24 people want to present themselves in a positive socially desirable way shapes how people answer questions and influences what they disclose about themselves. TERM 25 peremptory challenge DEFINITION 25 useedb y attorneys to challenge potential jurors who they believe will not be sympathetic for whatever reason to their client' the opportunity to exclude a certain number of potential jurors from the jury without having to give any reasons; the number is deteremined by the judge and varies TERM 26 implicit personality theory DEFINITION 26 is a persons organized network of preconceptions about how certain attributes are related to one another to behavior TERM 27 similarity-leniency hypthesis DEFINITION 27 the idea that fact finders will treat those they perceive as like themselves differently from the way they treat those they perceive as different TERM 28 black sheep effect DEFINITION 28 the tendency to be more punitive toward those members of ones own group who violate the norms of that group TERM 29 authoritarianism DEFINITION 29 a set of beliegs and charactersitcs that include submissiveness to authorities, demands for obedience from subordinates, intolerance of minorities and other outgroups, and endorsement of the use of power and punishment to ensure conformity to conventional norms TERM 30 internal/ external locus of control DEFINITION 30 the tendency for people to believe that their lives are controlled by internal factors such as skill and effort or by ecternal fcators such as luck of action of others TERM 31 belief in a just world DEFINITION 31 the belief that justice exists in the world and that people get what they deserve TERM 32 extralegal information DEFINITION 32 information about a particular case that is not presented in a legal context TERM 33 limiting instruction DEFINITION 33 a jury instruction that allows a prior criminal record to be used only to gauge the defendants credibility TERM 34 propensity evidence DEFINITION 34 evidence of a defendants past wrongdoings that suggest that the defendant had the propensity or inclination to commit a crime TERM 35 liable DEFINITION 35 responsible or answerable for some action TERM 46 primacy effect DEFINITION 46 the influence of information that is presented first in a series TERM 47 class action case DEFINITION 47 acase that involves many plaintiffs who collectively form a class and who claim that they suffered similar injuries as a result of a defendants actions TERM 48 juror bias DEFINITION 48 the tendencyof any juror to evaluate the facts of the case in such a way that the juror favors one side or the other TERM 49 predecisional distortion DEFINITION 49 a phenomenon by which jurors initial inclinations affect the way they interpret evidence presented during a trial TERM 50 sympathy hypothesis DEFINITION 50 the assumption that jurors decisions will be influenced by feelings of sympathy TERM 51 story model DEFINITION 51 the notion that people construct a story or narrative summary of the events in a dispute TERM 52 aggravating factors DEFINITION 52 conditions that make a criminal act more serious- for example to knowingly create a risk of death or serious injury to other persons as well as to the victim argue for a death sentence TERM 53 brutalization DEFINITION 53 the proposition that the use of capital punishment actually increases the crime rate by sending a message that it is acceptable to kill those who have wronged us. TERM 54 chemical castration DEFINITION 54 the use of injections of a female hormone into male rapists as a method of lowering their sex drive TERM 55 death qualification DEFINITION 55 requiring prosepctive jurors to answer voir dire questions abou ttheir attitutdes toward the death penalty in order to exclude persons whose views on capital punishment would prevent them from performing their sworn duty as jurors TERM 56 declarative knowledge DEFINITION 56 in the contest of jury behavior jurors understanding of legal concepts TERM 57 determinate sentencing DEFINITION 57 the provision of strict limits for the sentences that judges can give for particular crimes TERM 58 intermediate sanctions DEFINITION 58 a probationary sanction tailored to the offender with rehabilitation deterrence and resitution as its goals TERM 59 mitigating factors DEFINITION 59 factors such as age, mental capacity, motivations and or duress that lessen the degree of guilt in a crmiinal offense and thus affect the nature of the punishment TERM 60 paraphile DEFINITION 60 a person who whom secual arousal and gratification are dependent on fantasizing about and engaging in sexual behavior that is atypical and extreme; it is thought that sexual offenders who are paraphiles are likely to reoffend TERM 71 pretial notion DEFINITION 71 dicovery despositions witnesses verdict by jury or judge TERM 72 trial procedures DEFINITION 72 1. opening statements 2. direct examination, cross exam, redirect and recross 3. presentation of rebuttal witnesses and evidence 4. closing statements 5. judges instructions to jury 6. jury deliberations and accouncemnt of verdict 7. determination of punishment TERM 73 goals of voir dire DEFINITION 73 1. to determine whether a prosepctive juror meets the staturtory requiements for jury service 2. to discover anygrounds for a challenge for cause 3. to discover information that can lead to the intelligent exercise of permemptory challenges TERM 74 concerns about jury DEFINITION 74 1. juries may not be competent to execute their duties properly 2. that juries may be biased and prejudiced TERM 75 juries of civil two fundamental decisison DEFINITION 75 whether the defendant is liable or responsible for the alleged harm whether the injured party should receive any money to compensate for his or her losses and if so in what amount TERM 76 admendments guarht to trial by juryanteeting the rig DEFINITION 76 sixth and seventh