Glossary of Terms: Jewish Law, Christianity, Islam, and Religious Movements, Quizzes of World Religions

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TERM 1 Old Testament DEFINITION 1 -hebrew bible TERM 2 New Testament's Term for the Hebrew Bible DEFINITION 2 -the law and the prophets TERM 3 Jewish Term for the Hebrew Bible DEFINITION 3 -tanak TERM 4 Torah DEFINITION 4 -jewish law TERM 5 Nevi'im DEFINITION 5 -jewish prophets TERM 6 Ketuvim DEFINITION 6 -jewish writings TERM 7 Bible DEFINITION 7 -books -many texts, written by different people, over 1000 years TERM 8 Canon DEFINITION 8 -measuring stick -collection of authoritative scripture for a tradition TERM 9 Apocrypha DEFINITION 9 -different order and different books -hidden books -in catholic old testament, not protestant old testamant TERM 10 Septuagint DEFINITION 10 -ancient greek translation of the old testament TERM 21 Torah DEFINITION 21 -first 5 books of hebrew bible -where jewish law comes from - present in synagogues in scroll form TERM 22 Mishnah DEFINITION 22 -hebrew bible commentary of the torah -to study or to repeat -oral law TERM 23 Mitzvot DEFINITION 23 -jewish law from the torah -613 commandments TERM 24 Talmud DEFINITION 24 -rabbis commentary on both the hebrew bible and the mishnah -after the mishnah became a closed text -2 versions -babylonian and jerusalem/palestinian TERM 25 Making a Fence Around the Torah DEFINITION 25 -even stricter rules than what is in torah -to prevent accidental violation of law -example: do not cook a young goat in its mothers milk (Ex 23:19) -no eating meat and milk together TERM 26 Noachide Covenant DEFINITION 26 -laws applicable to gentiles (non jews) -come from gods covenant with noah -no murder, idolatry, blasphemy, theft - conversion to judaism is unnecessary, because god has made this covenant with all humans, making salvation possible for all TERM 27 Judaism DEFINITION 27 -geographical term -the religion of Judah TERM 28 Sabbath DEFINITION 28 -sunset friday through sunset saturday -synagogue service and dinner on friday night -no work TERM 29 Synagogue DEFINITION 29 -music and reading of the torah TERM 30 Kosher DEFINITION 30 -dietary laws TERM 31 Orthodox Judaism DEFINITION 31 -strict adherence to jewish law -careful observation to sabbath and dietary laws -preservation of jewish traditions - services in hebrew -traditional gender roles TERM 32 Conservative Judaism DEFINITION 32 -intermediate movement -law is open to change in contemporary context, but these changes are always made with reference to authoritative precedent -observe jewish law when it still seems applicable in modern context TERM 33 Reform Judaism DEFINITION 33 -first arises in enlightenment europe (18th c.) -rationalism - laws of bible apply only to the historical context in which HB was written -shorter services; individual choice of what parts of the Law to follow TERM 34 Zonism DEFINITION 34 -late 1800s, europe -call for jewish homeland in palestine - biblical justification -heightened by holocaust TERM 35 Temple Mount DEFINITION 35 -western wall; al-aqsa mosque and dome of the rock - symbolic value: capital of holy land TERM 46 Mysticism DEFINITION 46 -seeking knowledge of God through personal experience - visions; speaking to god -involvement of women TERM 47 Crusades DEFINITION 47 -11 c. -pilgrimages and relics -start as roman aid to byzantines against threat of new seljuk (turkish) rulers of jerusalem -bloody wars against muslims in holy land -later turn to violence against byzantines TERM 48 Protestant Reformation DEFINITION 48 -Luthers arguments: -Authority of scripture > authority of Church - Bible should be translated into vernaculars -He makes German translation -Priests should marry -Against selling indulgences - Priesthood of all believers -Justification through faith alone - Downplays works (confession, penance) -Grace: undeserved and freely given Invention of printing press is crucial Pamphlets, Bibles TERM 49 Anabaptists DEFINITION 49 -Total rejection of political authority; pacifism -Baptism later in life -Mennonites, Amish, Church of the Brethren TERM 50 Calvinists DEFINITION 50 -John Calvin (1509-1564) -Predestination and Gods ultimate sovereignty -Reformed, Presbyterian TERM 51 Anglicans DEFINITION 51 -Henry VIII (1534): monarchys supremacy over papacy -Very similar to Catholicism -Pope Benedicts recent announcement -In US, called Episcopalians TERM 52 Council of Trent DEFINITION 52 -counter reformation -(1545-1563) -Respond to Protestant critics: -No more indulgences -Maintenance of traditions TERM 53 Evangelicalism DEFINITION 53 -Nondenominational; global -Spiritual renewal - Pentecostalism/charismatic TERM 54 Pentacostalism DEFINITION 54 -Charismatic Christianity -Prophecy -Miracles/healings - Glossolalia (speaking in tongues) -Similarities to traditional African beliefs TERM 55 Humanae Vitae DEFINITION 55 -Every sex act must have two ends: unitive and procreative - Natural law -Contraception is intrinsically wrong TERM 56 Catholic Response to HIV in Africa DEFINITION 56 -Pope Benedict visits sub-Saharan Africa in March 2009 and reaffirms Humanae Vitae -Condoms are not the best way to prevent HIV -Instead, focus on changing cultural norms - Emphasize monogamy and marriage TERM 57 Islam DEFINITION 57 -submission TERM 58 Muslim DEFINITION 58 -one who submits TERM 59 Allah DEFINITION 59 -gof TERM 60 Muhammad DEFINITION 60 -570-632 CE -Born into Quraysh tribe, outside Mecca, Saudi Arabia -610: Gabriel calls _____ to be a prophet to the Arabs - Recite: Quran -Preaches ethical monotheism in Mecca -Little success in Mecca -First converts: wife Khadijah, son-in-law Ali, -servant/adopted son Zayd, scribe Abu Bakr -gods final prophet TERM 71 Abbasid Dynasty DEFINITION 71 -Abbasid revolt: Umayyads seen as irreligious -750-1258 - New capital: Baghdad (Iraq) -Cosmopolitan: influenced by Greek, Persian, Chinese cultures -Rise of universities -Rise of Islamic disciplines: -Theology (kalam) -Jurisprudencec (fiqh) - Flowering of artistic culture -Major developments in math, geography, science, philosophy, etc. TERM 72 Ottoman Empire DEFINITION 72 -1517-1918 -Capital: Istanbul (Constantinople/Byzantium) - Declines over time and ends after World War I -Since then, no more caliphate TERM 73 Dhimmi DEFINITION 73 -protected peoples -People of the Book TERM 74 Sunni Islam DEFINITION 74 -Muhammad designated no successor; Abu Bakr was rightful 1st caliph -Less internal differentiation TERM 75 Shi'a Islam DEFINITION 75 -Muhammad designated Ali as his successor -Imam: one individual at a timea divinely mandated religious leader for whole umma -Considered a descendant of Muhammad (like Ali) -Related to question about who should be imam -Some await return of Hidden Imam (Twelvers) TERM 76 Sufi Islam DEFINITION 76 -Consists of both Sunni and Shia -Mystical movement within Islam -Use of music and dance -Goal of spiritual union with God TERM 77 Imam DEFINITION 77 -anyone who leads prayer at the mosque TERM 78 Shahadah DEFINITION 78 -bearing witness TERM 79 Salat DEFINITION 79 -prayer -Five times per day -Ablutions -Qibla: direction of Mecca -Muahdhin and call to prayer -Cycles of prostrations - Fatihah -Masjid (mosque) TERM 80 Zakat DEFINITION 80 -almsgiving -2.5% of all surplus earnings -Given to the poor and needy, as well as to religious organizations TERM 81 Sawm DEFINITION 81 -Fasting during Ramadan TERM 82 Hajj DEFINITION 82 -pilgrimage to Mecca TERM 83 Abraham DEFINITION 83 -built mecca TERM 84 Shari'a DEFINITION 84 -the way, how to live according to Gods will -Covers all aspects of life TERM 85 Ulama DEFINITION 85 -learned ones, -religious legal scholars TERM 96 Cult DEFINITION 96 -term scholars try to stay away from TERM 97 Black Nationalism DEFINITION 97 -one god named allah -blacks the original humans and whites the devil -blacks must marry blacks TERM 98 Dianetics DEFINITION 98 -Hubbards original self-help system or form of counseling which scientology is based off of TERM 99 Rael DEFINITION 99 -founded in 1973 in France by Claude Vorilhon -On December 13, 1973 Vorilhon witnessed a human like space creature exiting a saucer -Described as: four foot tall, with pale green skin, almond shaped eyes and long dark hair. -This extra terrestrial spoke every language and instructed Vorilhon to build an embassy for his people to return home to Earth. -He also renamed Claude Vorilhon as _____ TERM 100 Elohim DEFINITION 100 -people from another planet who created life on Earth - creation story found in book of Genesis TERM 101 Jim Jones DEFINITION 101 -founder and leader of the Peoples Temple, which is best known for the November 18, 1978 death of more than 900 Temple members in Jonestown, Guyana along with the deaths of nine other people at a nearby airstrip and in Georgetown. TERM 102 Leo Ryan DEFINITION 102 -American politician of the Democratic Party. He served as a U.S. Representative from the 11th Congressional District of California from 1973 until he was murdered in Guyana by members of the Peoples Temple shortly before the Jonestown Massacre in 1978