Understanding Information Technology: Bloom's Taxonomy, Computer Systems, and Data Storage, Study notes of Computer Science

Download Understanding Information Technology: Bloom's Taxonomy, Computer Systems, and Data Storage and more Study notes Computer Science in PDF only on Docsity! CIS Final Exam Review Understand the issue of CIO autonomy -The CIO has the greatest level of autonomy in the corporation. Their job is not a matter of opinion, but of knowledge and doing things in a way to facilitate business. Memorize the correct definition of information -That which is perceived to be useful by the recipient Identify the levels of bloom’s taxonomy -Knowledge- things that you know without having to think (# of fingers, age, etc.) -Comprehension-understanding the issues (your knowledge) -Application-what you do with the knowledge that you understand -Analysis-looking at the components individually -Evaluation-placing value -Synthesis-brings everything together, highest level. *What determines the cognitive level of a question or interaction? The recipient. *How does evaluation level differ from the analysis level? Analysis identifies components while evaluation places value on them. *Situations in which an understanding of Bloom’s Taxonomy would be useful include: Discussions between you and your supervisor, learning in educational activities, recognizing issue associated with exam questions, discussions between you and friends. *What is the value in managers and team leaders understanding issues associated with cognitive levels? Interacting at or near the cognitive level of the recipient facilitates communication. *How does knowledge level differ from the application level? Knowledge things are memorized while application uses what is understood. Understand the role information plays among people in the business process. -Information is held only in peoples’ minds. Information becomes a part of the process because people use their minds to convert data into information in business. Recognize the issues associated with business process reengineering -BPR is the most significant to the undergraduate job seeking business school graduate because it means there may be positions available for new employees. Once a new graduate gets the position, they will be watched as if they were in a “fishbowl” by both co-workers and management. Differentiate between the major categories or types of computer systems -Supercomputers- used by oil companies, NASA, for weather simulations, scientific research, etc. The most powerful computers created. They will stay around because they all use the same technology as every other computer (microprocessor chips). Claims that they are too cumbersome/unnecessary are FALSE. -Mainframe-used in business, can be hooked into a supercomputer to solve complex problems. Many businesses don’t need the capabilities of mainframe computers. -Minicomputers-used at TXST to handle registration and transcripts. They are really routing devices. Client, print, file, and communication servers can focus on a single type of routing task thus improving efficiency. -Microcomputers-desktop PC, laptops, tablets, phones, etc. *What classification of computer is most often found in a one user, one computer environment? Personal Computer. Recognize how data is represented in computer systems including ASCII and EBCDIC *What is used to represent and transfer data among the components on the main board of a computer? Electrical voltages. *NO classification of computer is quickly becoming unnecessary and too cumbersome. *What is used by people in order to verbally communicate how data is manipulated by computers? Binary 1s and 0s. *Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) is a code that is used to identify letters, numbers, symbols, etc. to a computer. *Even though a byte has 8 bits, how does 7-bit ASCII get it’s name? The 128 characters are represented by 7 bits. *Why does EBCDIC have so many blank and unused spaces? The hexadecimal numbers above 9 (1001) are used only for control codes. *What is a valid 7 bit ASCII character? 0100 0001 Understand the function, limitation, and impact of address and data busses -Address Bus enables the memory location so that it can go into the processing unit (opens the door so the data can come in and out) *What determines the maximum capacity the main processor can address in memory? The number of wires in the address bus. *How many wires are used to create CPU and APU data busses and address bus? 64 Recognize the process of fabricating microprocessors Identify examples of designations of bandwidth *Amplitude Modulation uses khz, Frequency Modulation uses Mhz. *Most audio speakers max=20,000hz min= 8,000 *Human hearing max=17,000hz min=20hz *The bandwidth on FM is much more than we could even possibly use. *In Europe, they use all of the numbers not just odd. (102.2 instead of just 102.3 and 102.5) Comprehend the value in understanding AM & FM bandwidth *You need 40,000hz to broadcast music, so AM radio for the most part does not broadcast music and most of it is found on FM stations. Understand the constraints encountered in transmitting data on phone lines *A phone channel gets 4,000hz while fiber optic gets 10 trillion hz. *Data transfer is not smooth or efficient, between 2 computers, you have to have 4 different frequencies to allow you to transmit binary. Identify the types or topologies and characteristics of networks *PAN-Personal Area Network—short distance—8 devices or less within 10 meters or less. (BT) *LAN-Local Area Network—single room or floor, never larger than a building (3 rd floor McCoy) *WAN-Wide Area Network—largest network—up to the size of the earth. *Wireless LAN—land towers, satellites, radio signals *SAN-Storage Area Network—virtual network with no physical layouts or constraints, it is based upon data storage. Team members have access to the data and no one else can get to it. Specific, tightly controlled data. This is a relatively recent thing. *Backbone network (more info below) Differentiate between IBM and Xerox network characteristics *IBM—Token Ring- 5-10% of networks use this approach. Needs NICs and a switch box with 8- 16 connectors on it. A token is a set of electrical voltages that is put on the wire that goes around the token ring collecting data from the individual computers. TOKEN= Destination Address, Source Address, Data, and Error Check. *Xerox—Ethernet Bus- 90-95% of networks use this approach. Computers send out a packet and it spreads in all directions, the NICs accept or reject the data based on the packets destination address. Ethernet bus uses a concentrator/switch. Recognize the various components and features encountered in networks *Terminator used in Ethernet buses and acts as a mirror that echoes data that cannot be delivered back to the source. *CSMA/CD-Carrier Sensed Multiple Access with Collusion Detection—if this device senses that there is already electrical voltages on the wire, it waits and holds onto the data until clear. Understand the characteristics of data packets and asynchronous data transmission *12,000 bits is the max size of the packet. *Asynchronous data transmission is not liked by managers, it is wasteful. Data comes down from your house to a switching station that transfers it into packets. *In phone lines we use a positive voltage for binary 1 and a negative for binary 0. Identify the mistaken issues associated with Star network *STAR software doesn’t exist. People mistakenly call the Ethernet bus this because workstations all connect to the concentrator. Comprehend the issues associated with identifying individual end user addresses Understand the issues associated with the two types of backbone networks *BN-Backbone Network—based on fiber optic backbone with LANs attached. It connects the individual functional areas of the business. It is fiber optic (uses light to transfer data). Because you can’t run light through electrical wires, a transceiver is required to translate electrical voltages to light waves. Has a server at every department *Collapsed Backbone Network-takes a centrally located server room and hooks the servers to fiber optic cable to each other in one room. Then the individual transceivers from the departments are wired to the servers. This eliminates problems with individual servers, allows IT to sit in the room and watch for errors, and makes transceivers and workstations relatively easy to replace. Understand the rationale and function of a modem *Modems change the digital signal to analog and the analog signal to digital. (Modulate and demodulate) Recognize legitimate IP addresses *3 digit sets separated by periods (32 bit). XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX *The largest IP address you can have is 255.255.255.255 Differentiate between analog and digital transmission *Analog transmission—an amplifier amplifies sound back to the original amplitude because of attenuation (amplitude decreases over time) *Digital transmission—transmits binary signals. The equipment that receives it recreates the sounds going at 8,000 hz, we can’t hear the difference in the signals. This is why digital sound is so much clearer. Understand how signal loss and spikes or “glitches” impact analog and digital signals *When interference is on the line during analog transmission, it also gets amplified by the amplifier and it continues on its way down the line. *Propagation delay-taxes time for the signal to come back through from the satellite. When news anchors pause for seconds before speaking, this is what is happening. Recognize the speeds, times, and limitations associated with satellites in GEO, MEO, LEO *GEO Satellites Comprehend the issues of concern regarding “the Cloud” *There are tons of things that you DON’T know when you use the cloud. How is your data being stored? Are the employees trustworthy? Where is your data stored? How do you control price increases? Can you get your data back? Identify the recognized types of database structures *Hierarchical- HIGH redundancy, LOW integrity, HIGH edit. *Network-links are programmer dependent, the model is vulnerable and complex *Relation- reduced redundancy, increased integrity. Uses key fields. Understand hashing, sorting, and ISAM