Final Exam - Review Guide | GEOG 2051 - PHY GEOG LW SURFACES, Quizzes of Geography

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TERM 1 Four Spheres of Geography DEFINITION 1 Atmosphere - the relatively thin envelope of gases that surround the earth (Ex: climatology, climatologists) Hydrosphere - refers to the water portions (moisture in air, clouds, oceans) (Ex: water resources, hydrologists) Lithosphere - refers to the solid earth portions (mountains, beaches, valleys) (Ex: geomorphology, geomorphologists) Biosphere - the living organisms (Ex: biogeography, biogeographists) All are interconnected and influence each other In the center where they all come together is management and planning TERM 2 Open System DEFINITION 2 one where matter and energy can enter and leave Ex: ecosystem, Earth All natural systems are open TERM 3 Closed System DEFINITION 3 Don't allow matter and energy to enter and leave Ex: battery powered watch Cannot have a true closed system, Earth is not a closed system TERM 4 Budget DEFINITION 4 Energy and matter cannot be created or destroyed Inputs --> Storage --> Outputs TERM 5 Inputs DEFINITION 5 Feed into our system Add matter or energy into storage TERM 6 Outputs DEFINITION 6 Carry matter and/or energy out of the system Subtract matter or energy from storage TERM 7 Static Equilibrium DEFINITION 7 unchanging, stationary, fixed Constant input into system and system adjusts to have constant output TERM 8 Dynamic Equilibrium DEFINITION 8 Changing inputs and outputs, inputs are constantly varied causing storage & outputs to constantly vary Ex: turning water pressure higher and lower Very common in natural systems TERM 9 Budgets DEFINITION 9 Positive Budget: storage increases, inputs > outputsNegative Budget: storage decreases, inputs < outputs, cannot persist because eventually will run outBalanced Budget: equilibrium, inputs = outputs, the amount in storage remains constant over time TERM 10 Feedback DEFINITION 10 Feedback: system response to some change in inputs or external conditions which acts to influence the original changeNegative Feedback: system response to some change in inputs or external conditions which acts to dampen or reduce the initial changeEx: Human system = make changes in study habits, lower test score Tends to preserve the system Positive Feedback: System response to some change in inputs/ external conditions which acts to increase the initial changeEx: Human System = make changes in study habits, better test score Tend to be self-destructible ("Snowball effect") TERM 21 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks DEFINITION 21 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks - Formed when particles of other rocks lithify and compact together***Processes = compaction/ pressure or cementationClassified by grain size(size of the clast that forms the rock) Sand: most interested in, 2 mm - 0.06 mm (Sandstone)** Silt (mud): (.06 - .002 mm) -- Siltstone (mudstone) Clay: < .002 mm -- Shale (Clay stone) Conglomerate: mixture or large and small grain size material, including pebbles or gravel TERM 22 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks DEFINITION 22 Rock Salt (gypsum): Chemical sediments are deposited, water evaporates, leaves salt residues Precipitation - solution becomes Limestone!!! Limestone = Calcium Carbonate Ex: stalagmites, stalactites TERM 23 Organic Sedimentary Rocks DEFINITION 23 Living organisms are involvedCoal: Represents the remains of ancient plant material Limestone (Shell): Results from action of living organisms Shells are created from Calcium Carbonate TERM 24 Igneous Rocks DEFINITION 24 Form from cooling magma/ lava Nature of the Magma that is cooling on the rock (type of magma)2 Fundamental Categories of Magma: Mafic: oceanic crust, denser, darker in color, Basalt (common rock produced) Ex: Gabbro, Basalt Felsic: continental crust, less dense, lighter in color, Granite (common rock produced) Ex: Granite, Rhyolite TERM 25 Intrusive Igneous Rock DEFINITION 25 **Where the magma cools/ solidifies = type of rock If the magma cools inside the crust Cools much slower, not a good heat conductor Coarse- grained texture (large crystals) Ex: Gabbro, Granite TERM 26 Extrusive Igneous Rock DEFINITION 26 If the magma cools outside the crust** Tend to cool much more quickly Fine-grained texture (small crystals) Ex: Rhyolite, Basalt **where it cools = how quickly it cools** TERM 27 Metamorphic Rocks DEFINITION 27 = Rocks that have been altered b/c of extreme heat/ pressure change** Intensity of heat and pressure will create certain metamorphic rocks TERM 28 Contact Metamorphism DEFINITION 28 low intensity/ grade metamorphosis occurs in rock surrounding pluton Shale (sedimentary) - Slate - Schist - Gneiss (one of strongest of all rocks); rocks moving from left to right with increasing heat and pressure TERM 29 Regional Metamorphism DEFINITION 29 higher intensity occurs over larger spatial regions thick deposits of sediments TERM 30 Isostasy (Isostatic Adjustment) DEFINITION 30 Vertical up and down motions of the earth's crust which result from weight forces (loading/ unloading of something on earth's crust) Crust responds much more slowly Over time weathering processes will attack the mountain, crust will rebound and rise back upwards Alaska = water level seems down because crust is coming upLouisiana = seems like water level is rising b/c sheet is sinking b/c of sediment build up on Mississippi RiverSubsidence = motion of the earth's surface TERM 31 Plate Tectonics DEFINITION 31 Created by Alfred Wegener, a German scientist He believed in a geologic phenomena that would continue onto the other continents Lithospheric plates (crust + uppermost mantle) Continents move around the surface of the earth Explains the global distribution of volcanic activity, how mountains could be formed, earth activity Universally accepted way things formed TERM 32 3 Types of Plate Boundaries: 1. Divergent Boundary DEFINITION 32 plates are moving apart, away from each other and a new crust material is formed Sea-Floor Spreading Zone: New sea-floor is being created in this zone** Mantle convection brings magma up to the crust, crust fractures, magma extrudes on sea floor, cools to form new sea floor Ends up with convection cells: circular flow of patterns Rift Valley: A Divergent boundary that occurs on land A valley developed along a rift (opening), especially one bounded by normal faults in an area of lithospheric thinning TERM 33 2. Convergent Boundary DEFINITION 33 Plates are banging into each other, recycle old crust material Subduction Zones:** One oceanic plate (the denser one) is forced downward into the mantle where it re-melts. (Old crust material is being recycled) Ex: deep ocean trenches TERM 34 3. Transform Boundary DEFINITION 34 The plates slide past each other moving in opposite directions along the boundary = horizontal motion Ex: San Andreas Fault - plate boundary that runs from Pacific Ocean on land down to California; separates Souther Cali from the rest of Cali Energy moves out = earthquake TERM 35 Global Supercontinent Cycle DEFINITION 35 (400-500 million years long) All the world landmasses come together to form one huge continent Continents united in supercontinent (low sea level) Continents part (high sea level) Greatest dispersal of continents (low sea level) Continents move back together and form a new supercontinent (high sea level) TERM 46 Lateral Shear DEFINITION 46 = Acts in opposite directions to offset nature Sliding past each other they bend the crust TERM 47 Normal Fault DEFINITION 47 One of the rocks slip down the fault plane Because of tension** Scarp = exposed cliff TERM 48 Reverse (thrust) fault DEFINITION 48 Due to compressional force One of the rocks gets thrust upwards TERM 49 Strike-Slip (Lateral/ Transform) Fault DEFINITION 49 Shear forces acting in opposite directions offsetting each other under shear (lateral) force Ex: San Andreas Fault Folding and faulting can occur anywhere, it reaches its most spectacular development in association with plate boundaries TERM 50 Types of Orogenesis, 1.) Oceanic - Oceanic plate DEFINITION 50 Denser plate forced down into the mantle = subduction Dense parts rise up through crust to form volcanoes Volcanic activity Ex: Volcanic Island Arc: runs parallel to subduction zone and merges and forms large land masses (Japan) TERM 51 2.) Oceanic - Continental plate DEFINITION 51 Denser plate (oceanic) forced downward into subduction zone, remelting, lots of volcanic activity, lots of compressional processes created Volcanic activity/ mechanical activity Ex: Formation of the Andes Mountains TERM 52 3.) Continental - Continental plate DEFINITION 52 Both plates = relatively low density No subduction Very little volcanic contribution b/c no subduction zone delivering massive amounts of magma Tremendous compressional activity Ex: Himalayan Mountain System TERM 53 Weathering DEFINITION 53 The breakdown of earth materialsMany of the processes are controlled by weatherPhysical: thru mechanical forces (pushing, pulling, prying)Chemical: molecular scale, tearing off/ adding atoms/ breaking down TERM 54 Controls, Rock Characteristics DEFINITION 54 Solubility: Halite will dissolve readily when exposed to water but Granite weathers slowly Hardness: Soft rocks = weather more quickly Hard rocks = weather more slowly Jointing: The amount of cracks running through a rock More joints = more area exposed = weathering process faster TERM 55 Climate DEFINITION 55 Precipitation: Influences rate of weathering Wetter = faster weathering Dry = slower weathering Temperature: Influences type of weathering Warmer = faster chemical reactions take place, chemical weathering Colder = physical weathering TERM 56 Hydrology DEFINITION 56 Exposure to water Rains/ runs down mountain = small exposure Flatter ground = larger exposure Collected in some kind of divot/ valley = largest exposure TERM 57 Topography (Slope Orientation) DEFINITION 57 Influencing the microclimate (local climate)Ex: mountains South facing slopes get more exposure to sunlight, will be warmer, snow won't persist as long North facing slopes get less exposure, tend to be cooler, snow will persist longer Can influence inputs of solar radiationInfluences precipitation Air cools as it rises = moist conditions Air warms up as it goes down = much more dry Orographic Precipitation = rain caused by mountains TERM 58 Vegetation DEFINITION 58 Can reduce or enhance rates of weathering Reduce (Inhibit) - protection agency Ex: Forest - keeps material below dry Enhance - encourage weathering Can directly cause it Acid - breaks down earth materials Tree roots grow into rock cracks - fracture/ break = direct agent of weathering TERM 59 Angle of Repose DEFINITION 59 equilibrium state for a slope system The balance angle for our slope Lose material in form of transport off of pile which often occurs in form of mass movements (Ex: landslides) TERM 60 2 categories of force DEFINITION 60 Resisting Force: acting to hold particles in place acting perpendicular to the slope Driving Force: trying to pull materials downhill the driving force TERM 71 Slides DEFINITION 71 More friction, moderate speeds Moisture can/ cannot be involved Distinguished by the way material moves Move as a cohesive unit TERM 72 Creeps DEFINITION 72 Slowest end of scale (1 cm or mm/ year) Upper layers of soil moving downhill slowly Freeze Thaw --> individual particles rise up a little Freezing and thawing TERM 73 Hydrological Cycle DEFINITION 73 One of the major systems that shifts material and energy around the Earth's surface Driven by solar energy*** Connected with all 4 major spheres TERM 74 Global Budget/ Balance DEFINITION 74 relatively balanced over the past decades through various exchanges Evaporation to atmosphere, advection goes to atmosphere, precipitation goes to the land, run-off returns back to ocean If a budget is negative, outputs > inputs*** If a budget is positive, inputs > outputs*** TERM 75 Groundwater problems, Cone of Depression DEFINITION 75 local depression of water table around the well water sucked out of wells faster than it flows through rock to be replaced wells forced to reduce pumping rates TERM 76 Groundwater Mining DEFINITION 76 (Water Table Draw Down): Table drops, meaning negative budget Ex: pumping water out faster than it is being charged Ex: Ogalla Aquifer: The largest fresh water aquifer in North America, 8 states (from Texas to North Dakota), Wells pumped more than the natural recharge rate, groundwater mining, massive water table draw down TERM 77 Pollution DEFINITION 77 Water moves so slowly it doesn't diffuse pollutants or spread them out Bigger problem in ground water TERM 78 Seawater Intrusion DEFINITION 78 When aquifers connected with ocean there's a boundary between fresh water and ocean water TERM 79 Aquifer Collapse DEFINITION 79 Porous spaces crushed flat, permanently destroys capacity of aquifer to store water TERM 80 Drainage Basin DEFINITION 80 fundamental unit to identify river systems Land area that supplies precipitation to one particular river or stream Surrounded by drainage divides TERM 81 Drainage Patterns, Dendritic DEFINITION 81 Tree-like, most energy efficient because allows river to cover area with smallest length of channel, meaning at least friction is slowing the river as it moves More hilly terrain, less consistency in which direction is down TERM 82 Parallel Drainage Pattern DEFINITION 82 Channels all oriented in same directions Water flows downhill, meaning topography has steep slopes Develops in areas with very steep, consistent slopes of land Drainage Network = Parallel Drainage Pattern TERM 83 Radial Drainage Pattern DEFINITION 83 Direction is flowing out from the center Topography: Mountains, volcanos, areas of high elevation TERM 84 Trellis Drainage Pattern DEFINITION 84 Number of main panels with smaller tributaries flowing off them Parallel hills, series of rigid hills, folded topography, smaller tributaries draining down into valleys TERM 85 Stream Capture DEFINITION 85 = water originally flowing down one valley has been diverted into another valley through erosion TERM 96 Yazoo Tributaries DEFINITION 96 Smaller streams that feed water into a larger river Run parallel to the main channel until they join it, this happens because of the levees TERM 97 Longitudinal Profile DEFINITION 97 The key element of equilibrium in river systems Rivers try to adjust their longitudinal profile so that their capacity to transport sediment is equal to the input of sediment Depositing more sediment causes the profile to get steeper, which increases the water velocity, which increases capacity flow - equilibrium TERM 98 Graded Streams DEFINITION 98 Stream that is in equilibrium Transport capacity is just large enough to transport out all the material supplied to the river To have an entire river system that is a graded stream is very rare in nature b/c of the dynamics of the 2 variables involved (inputs of sediment, transport capacity) If the water is flowing too fast it will start to erode material into its bed which causes the profile to become less steep TERM 99 Deltas DEFINITION 99 Depositional features that are created at the mouth of the river as it deposits the sediments that have been collecting in entire drainage basin and carrying through its course. Where river enters ocean it reaches a huge channel Water velocity drops immediately at the mouth and reduces competence of river to deposit material Many are rectangular shaped but can take on a variety of shapes depending on major processes acting on it TERM 100 Flooding DEFINITION 100 the worst natural hazard Prediction: Recurrence Interval: The frequency of floods per given size Can predict the likelihood of floods Based on our historical record TERM 101 Hydrograph DEFINITION 101 Represents flood flows, discharge through time Discharge on vertical axis, time on horizontal axis TERM 102 Requirements DEFINITION 102 For wind to be an effective agent in shaping the land, certain requirements must be met: Relatively small/ fine sediment: sand sized sediment or finer wind isn't strong enough, can't exert enough force to pick up huge boulders Sparse or no vegetation: Wind must be able to get down to the surface and exert force on substance Any dense cover of vegetation will buffer the wind from the surface so the sediment can't be moved Dry conditions/ Arid Environments: Sediment has to be loose and ready to move If strong cohesive forces are binding the material together then the wind won't be able to pick it up TERM 103 Abrasion DEFINITION 103 Sand blasts, sand grains are relatively sharp that when rubbed against an area tend to wear down the surface that it comes in contact with TERM 104 Deflation DEFINITION 104 Distinct mechanism of erosion a lowering of the surface caused by the removal of fine materials TERM 105 Dune Migration DEFINITION 105 tends to be relatively slow 10 m/ year TERM 106 2 factors that control the type of sand dune DEFINITION 106 Availability of sediments: with more sediments, can build larger dunes Winds directional variability TERM 107 Types of Sand Dunes, Barchan DEFINITION 107 Crescentic shaped dunes The horns point down wind Tend to form in areas with very small sediment supply Only form in areas with unidirectional winds TERM 108 Transverse Dune DEFINITION 108 Straight/ linear crested ridges Form in areas of unidirectional wind and areas with even larger sediment supply which causes the ridges to spread out Perpendicular to dominant wind TERM 109 Longitudinal Dune DEFINITION 109 Ridge type dune, crest may be relatively straight or sinuous Orientation is parallel to wind direction Form in areas with 2 dominant wind directions which means there are 2 horn face directions TERM 110 Star Dune DEFINITION 110 Often have starfish shapes, large lobes extending in different directions Largest types of sand dunes Form in areas with very large areas sediment and multiple dominant wind directions TERM 121 Beaches Fair-weather profiles DEFINITION 121 occur during fair-weather conditions, aka swell waves relatively long as they reach deep into the water have a relatively low height, low steepness Net onshore currents which causes net onshore movement of sand on shore The sand will begin to build up the foreshore area making it steeper which makes the backwash stronger Eventually reach an equilibrium - all of the sediment washed up is washed back Relatively wide beach with a steep foreshore TERM 122 Storm Waves Profile DEFINITION 122 Occur during stormy seasons Tend to be shorter in wavelength, relatively high, lots of energy, very steep Steep waves tend to push sediment in the offshore direction** Will begin to cut material away and carry it offshore and deposit the material in shallow water End up with a flatter beach*** Sand is stored temporarily creating a nearshore bar TERM 123 Barrier Islands DEFINITION 123 Long, linear islands comprised of sand that are separated from the mainland by relatively narrow, shallow bodies of water (lagoons, bogs, sounds) 10-15% of world's coastlines have them, common in Eastern Coast of US TERM 124 Hard Protection DEFINITION 124 Typically involves some type of structure at the shore The purpose of the structure is either to reduce wave levels and currents so there will be less sediment transport or to redirect sediment transport Have fallen in disfavor, does not solve the problem TERM 125 Soft protection DEFINITION 125 These techniques have came into favor Tend to try to work with the system Very expensive and essentially a maintenance project, still a negative sediment budget TERM 126 Cryosphere DEFINITION 126 Includes areas covered by glacial items, ice sheets Also areas underlying permafrost (permanently frozen ground) Its geography is controlled by climate. Permanently frozen ground - cool. TERM 127 Climate System, Global Energy Balance DEFINITION 127 Inputs = solar energy from sun sun rays directly shine on equator, same ray of sunshine is spread over large surface area around equator = oblique Outputs = long wave of radiation that the earth is constantly giving off -- heatChange in Storage: Amount of energy in storage -- Temperature, the energy that stores in that object Hot = lots of energy Cold = less energy Special distribution of energy in an area is variable TERM 128 Historical Global Temperatures DEFINITION 128 Global temperatures were very constant and warmer than today 1.2 billion years ago the earth started going through long periods of cold weather and then would alternate to long periods of warmer weather and so on... TERM 129 Little Ice Age DEFINITION 129 1400-1900 Long term trends of increasing and decreasing temps. These are similar excerpts out of that TERM 130 Quadranary period DEFINITION 130 temperatures began to get colder than before TERM 131 Glacial periods DEFINITION 131 ice sheets form TERM 132 Interglacial Periods DEFINITION 132 temperatures warm up and ice sheets melt back TERM 133 Holocene period DEFINITION 133 Reached present temperatures 10,000 years ago began theHolocene Period --> climate period we are in now So many factors involved in global climate we still don't know everything about it. Area of infancy science. TERM 134 Milankovitch Cycles DEFINITION 134 Nature of earth orbit about the sun and variations in it over long periods of time Orbit: elliptical circle, amount of ellipticality varies over a cycle that takes 100,000 years Tilt: axial tilt, 40,000 year cycle, that angle controls the strength of seasonality. More tilted = more annual variation there is at daylight. More seasonality more energy shifting Wobble: 26,000 years, direction of the earth's axis Other scientist concluded that the variations of the Milankovitch cycles don't move enough to cause temperature changes that we have experienced, they seem to act like triggers. TERM 135 Glaciers, Distribution DEFINITION 135 Massive ice sheets covered most of Canada and North United States, 2 miles thick Most ice found in Antarctica 90% Rest is in Greenland 8-9% Remaining is scattered on high mountain peaks around the world TERM 146 Erosion, Plucking DEFINITION 146 glacier flows over rock, there is a lot of friction and heat and tends to melt, as glacier moves down the other side of structure, friction lessens and heat dissipates and glacier re-freezes. Water melts over and then re-freezes TERM 147 Glacial Abrasion DEFINITION 147 Result from the material freezing to the surface, scratches against a glacier, grinding against solid rock TERM 148 Alpine Landforms DEFINITION 148 Horn: Jagged peaks, pointed mountain tops, jagged spires Cirque: Bowl shaped depressions, created near mountain peaks Arete: Arrow jagged sharp ridges, sharp knife like ridges, that now separate valleys TERM 149 Tarn DEFINITION 149 = lakes that form after the glaciers melt, joined together by smaller streams TERM 150 Paternoster DEFINITION 150 = groups of tarns TERM 151 Hanging Valley U-shaped Valley DEFINITION 151 Outer edge of landscape to U-Shaped Valley where river drops into the edge of the U-Shaped Valley When a glacier moves through a valley you get a U- shaped, Because its so massive TERM 152 Till DEFINITION 152 = mixture of all different sizes of material, deposited directly by the ice TERM 153 Stratified Drift DEFINITION 153 = sorted into layers of distinct grain sizes, laid down by the melt water that flows out from the glacier, carries sediment with it. Material far away from the glacier was probably carried by stratified drift TERM 154 Moraines, Terminal Moraine DEFINITION 154 = ridges created from till formed furthest away from where glacier originated, material dropped from glacier, TERM 155 Recessional Moraines DEFINITION 155 marked positions where glacier was stagnant for a while TERM 156 Lateral Moraines DEFINITION 156 form as a result of material that falls off valley slopes TERM 157 Medial Moraines DEFINITION 157 Where two glacial ice streams meet, it is the meeting of two smaller glaciers, formed in the middle of the valley TERM 158 Continental Landforms, Outwash Plain DEFINITION 158 Continental landforms much larger! TERM 159 Esker DEFINITION 159 Sinuous ridges LIke a big snake running across the lands, are basically inside out river beds Created by old river beds that were running on surface, at the base, or within a glacier, often carries a lot of sediment TERM 160 Kaines DEFINITION 160 Small irregularly shaped hills Formed as a result of sediment that gets washed into depressions (low place on surface) when ice melts out sediment gets dropped at that location and forms a hill TERM 171 Patterned Ground DEFINITION 171 Ice wedge polygons On surface of the ground Under laid by ice wedge From growth and expansion of ice, common in periglacial environments TERM 172 Cryoturbation DEFINITION 172 Large rock expands and parts break off and fall underneath Rock eventually is pushed up and cause the patterned ground TERM 173 Biosphere DEFINITION 173 Area of study of biogeographers interested in spatial distribution TERM 174 Ecology DEFINITION 174 Nature of organisms and the way they exist TERM 175 Ecosystem DEFINITION 175 A set of living organisms and there (abiotic) or non living surroundings that are linked together by flows of matter and energy TERM 176 Biomes DEFINITION 176 = largest ecosystems we deal with TERM 177 Energy Flows, Photosynthesis DEFINITION 177 Solar energy (sun) and plants are primary producers in ecosystem, can fix energy and store it in a chemical fashion TERM 178 Autotrophs (primary producer) DEFINITION 178 Fix own energy source TERM 179 Gross Primary Productivity DEFINITION 179 Total amount of energy that the plants fix TERM 180 Net Primary Productivity DEFINITION 180 The left over energy that the rest of the ecosystem uses after the plants use there energy GPP - energy that plants use = NPP TERM 181 Energy Flows - NPP DEFINITION 181 Forests (most productive) Grasslands (intermediate) Extreme environments (least productive) **More vegetation there is more productivity (wet areas = more productive areas TERM 182 Energy Flows - Food Chain DEFINITION 182 1st Trophic Level: autotrophs, primary consumers 2nd Trophic Level: herbivores, organisms that get there energy source by consuming plants and inheriting the plants energy that was stored, consumers rather than producers. (primary consumer) 3rd Trophic Level: Carnivores, secondary consumers, get energy by consuming herbivores and inheriting energy second hand 4th Trophic Level: top carnivores, tertiary consumers 5th Trophic Level: decomposers, fungi and bacteria, energy from the waste products or remains of other organisms TERM 183 Food Web DEFINITION 183 Multiple pathways of organism at the same or different trophic levels TERM 184 10% Rule DEFINITION 184 Some energy is lost and degraded into non-useful forms, energy that is lost at each trophic level, on average only 10% of energy that is fixed will get passed onto the next trophic level TERM 185 Matter Flows, Nutrients DEFINITION 185 Substances organisms need to support all the biological processes going on inside of them TERM 196 Niche DEFINITION 196 = function, role that an organism plays in that ecosystem (place on food chain) can only have one organism occupying a niche TERM 197 Competitive Exclusion Principle DEFINITION 197 Two organisms are trying to occupy the same niche, one will be better suited, or will out compete other organism for that niche, one will be better for that particular niche. (shellfish) TERM 198 Mutualism DEFINITION 198 = relationship that is mutually beneficial for both organisms TERM 199 Parasitism DEFINITION 199 = relationship where one organism benefits and the other organism doesn't (mosquito's and people) When one organism feeds off of or lives on the other organism TERM 200 Tolerance DEFINITION 200 Range of conditions an organism can tolerate or with stand, some plants can live in freezing climates, others may not survive a freeze TERM 201 Optimum Range DEFINITION 201 Range in which the organism will thrive Climatic conditions Food availability TERM 202 Limiting Factor DEFINITION 202 These conditions determine where organisms can and cannot survive or thrive TERM 203 Stability DEFINITION 203 Refers to an ecosystems ability to preserve itself when surrounded by change, sometimes disasters change conditions TERM 204 Resilience DEFINITION 204 Grass lands preserve selves by developing resilience ability to survive these changes, spring back after disaster TERM 205 Inertia DEFINITION 205 ability to resist change different approach to responding to changing conditions (red wood - can't burn) TERM 206 Succession DEFINITION 206 Refers to a sequence of different communities that occupy an area after a major disturbance Ex: abandoned farm TERM 207 Decomposers DEFINITION 207 Operate on all trophic levels, processing dead remains as their source of energy TERM 208 energy efficiency DEFINITION 208 Nothing is 100% efficient, some energy will always be lost in any process TERM 209 Symbiotic Relationship DEFINITION 209 Organisms dependent on each other TERM 210 Texture DEFINITION 210 = (Sand, Silt, Clay, Loam mixture between 2 of the other textures