Family, Marriage, and Social Structures: An Overview - Prof. Michael D. Hughes, Study notes of Introduction to Sociology

Download Family, Marriage, and Social Structures: An Overview - Prof. Michael D. Hughes and more Study notes Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! Family a group whose members are related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption and live together, cooperate economically, and care for the young. Romantic love The strong physical and emotional attraction between a man and a woman Homogamy The tendency of like to marry like Family life cycle ??? changes and realignments related to the altered expectations and requirements imposed on a husband and a wife as children are born and grow up Divorce legal ending of a marriage Homosexuality A preference for an individual of the same sex as a sexual partner Nuclear family arrangement Spouses and their offspring constitute the core relationship Extended family arrangement kin provide the core relationship Endogamy Requirement that marriage occur within a group (marry within class, race, ethnic group, or religion) Exogamy Requirement that marriage occur outside of a group (marry outside their kin group) Complementary needs theory 2 different personality traits that are counterparts of each other and that provide a sense of completeness when they are joined Exchange theory (of courtship) We like those who reward us and dislike those who punish us Constructionist view of homosexuality think about practices, not individuals. Homosexuality and heterosexuality are social constructions that describe behaviors, roles that people may play, and identities; not inherent characteristics of persons Essentialists view of homosexuality Homosexual orientation is either inborn or is fixed very early in ones development and thus is an inherent part of what an individual is Functionalist perspective on the family functions families typically perform: reproduction; socialization; care, protection, and emotional support. Regulation of sexual behavior Conflict perspective on the family Family is a social arrangement benefiting some people more than others. (women as sexual property) conflict is natural and necessary Interactionist perspective on the family Families reinforce and rejuvenate their bonds through the symbolic mechanism of rituals such as family meals and holidays Religion those socially shared and organizes ways of thinking feeling and acting that concern the ultimate meanings about the existence of the supernatural and beyond Mana In nature there is a diffuse, impersonal, supernatural force operating for good or evil Animism A belief in spirits or otherworldly beings Church A religious organization that considers itself uniquely legitimate and enjoys a positive relationship with the dominate society Denomination accepts the legitimacy claim of other religions and enjoys a positive relationship with the dominant society Sect A religious organization that stands apart from the dominant society but is rooted in established religious traditions Cult A religious movement that represents a new and independent religious tradition Protestant ethic An attitude which seeks profit rationally and systematically Secularization thesis The notion that profane non-religious considerations gain ascendancy over sacred religious considerations in the Patterns of City Growth: Sector model growth is along transportation routes Patterns of City Growth: Multiple Nuclei Theory cities have not one center but several; growth is in functional centers Crude birth rate The number of live births per 1 thousand members of a population in a given year Fertility rate The annual number of live births per 1 thousand women age 15-44 Age Specific Rate Number of live births per 1,000 women in a specific age group Fecundity Potential births if every woman bore all the children she possibly could Crude death rate The number of deaths per 1 thousand members of a population in a given year Infant mortality rate The number of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births Net migration rate The increase or decrease per 1,000 members of the population in a given year that results from people entering (immigrant) or leaving (emigrants) a society Population pyramid Portrays the age and sex composition of a population Social change Fundamental alterations in the patterns of culture, structure, and social behavior over time Cultural lag The view that immaterial culture must constantly “catch up” with material culture, resulting in an adjustment gap between the two forms of culture World system views development as involving an unequal exchange between core and periphery nations, with development at the former end of the chain coming at the cost of underdevelopment at the other end Modernization Process by which a society moves from traditional or pre-industrial social and economic arrangements to those characteristic of industrial societies Sources of Social Change Physical environment, population, conflict over resources, conflict over values, innovation, diffusion, and mass media Evolutionary Theories of Social Change Social evolution is progress from simple to complex forms of society. With functional differentiation over time, societies become more adaptive Cyclical Theories of Social Change Societies rise and fall, and have a life cycle like human beings (1. Development 2. Maturity 3. Decline 4. Death) Functionalist theories of social change Forces of stability and change operate together over time. Societies adjust to changes and tend toward equilibrium Conflict Theories of Social Change Continuous conflict causes continuous change; societies are continuously becoming something new. Collective Behavior Ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that develop among a large number of people and that are relatively spontaneous and unstructured Rumor A difficult to verify piece of information transmitted from person to person in relatively rapid fashion. Fashion A folkway that lasts for a short time and enjoys widespread acceptance within society Fad A folkway that lasts for a short time and enjoys acceptance among only a segment of the population Social movement Ideology A more or less persistent and organized effort on the part of a relatively large number of people to bring about or resist change Crowd A temporary, relatively unorganized gathering of people in close physical proximity Panic involves irrational and uncoordinated but collective actions among people induced by the presence of an immediate, severe threat Contagion Theory of Crowd Behavior Emotions spread through out a crowd. Unanimity prevails within a crowd; crowd members often seem to act in identical ways Convergence Theory of Crowd Behavior A crowd consists of a highly unrepresentative body of people who assemble because they share the same predispositions Emergent-norm Theory of Crowd Behavior stresses the lack of unanimity in many crowd situations and the difference in motives, attitudes, and actions that characterize crowd members Types of Social movements 1. Revolutionary- attempts to transform all society 2. Reform- attempts to fix or improve society 3. Resistance- attempts to stop foreseen change 4. Expressive- attempts to change people from within Deprivation Theories of Social movement Discontent- people will feel deprived and try to change. Davies theory- there will always be a gap between what people have and what they want in life Resource mobilization theory of social movement There’s always deprivation but no movements UNTIL someone comes along and mobilizes the resources and then creates the movement Calvin’s theory of self- interest “Ignorance is bliss” Correlates of Religion Happiness, politics, and morality Causes of High Divorce Rates High expectations, low fertility, female labor force participation, divorce laws, and divorce is acceptable in US society Functions of the Family: The macro view Reproduction, socialization, emotional security, status, regulation of sexual behavior, and social control Functions of the Family: Micro Structure Instrumental- nurturance, family cohesion, norms, religion, child