final exam review | LING 2100 - The Study of Language, Quizzes of Linguistics

Download final exam review | LING 2100 - The Study of Language and more Quizzes Linguistics in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 complementary distribution DEFINITION 1 different environments, no overlap, no difference in meaning, predictable TERM 2 constrative distribution DEFINITION 2 same environments, different meaning, not predictable TERM 3 minimal pair DEFINITION 3 two words that differ by only one sound TERM 4 natural classes DEFINITION 4 groups of rules that pattern together TERM 5 stridents/siblants DEFINITION 5 hushing/ hissing sounds TERM 6 assimilation DEFINITION 6 one sound becomes more like another TERM 7 dissimilation DEFINITION 7 sound becomes less like another TERM 8 insertion DEFINITION 8 sound is inserted TERM 9 deletion DEFINITION 9 sound is removed TERM 10 methasis DEFINITION 10 xy---yx TERM 21 free morphemes DEFINITION 21 can occur by themselves TERM 22 bound morphemes DEFINITION 22 cannot occur alone TERM 23 open morphemes DEFINITION 23 accept new words TERM 24 closed morphemes DEFINITION 24 don't accept new words TERM 25 root DEFINITION 25 base word TERM 26 stem DEFINITION 26 what you attach affixes to TERM 27 affixes DEFINITION 27 prefixes, suffixes, etc TERM 28 reduplication DEFINITION 28 like---likelike TERM 29 compounding DEFINITION 29 blackbird, bookstore TERM 30 alternation DEFINITION 30 depth, deep TERM 31 suppletion DEFINITION 31 go to went TERM 32 analytical languages DEFINITION 32 low morpheme to word ratio TERM 33 synthetic languages DEFINITION 33 high morpheme to word ratio TERM 34 isolating language DEFINITION 34 no bound morphemes TERM 35 aggulating languages DEFINITION 35 morphemes have exactly one meaning TERM 46 innateness hypothesis DEFINITION 46 language ability is innate in humans TERM 47 linguistics universals DEFINITION 47 features shared by all languages TERM 48 universal grammar DEFINITION 48 set of structural characteristics shared by all languages TERM 49 traits of biologically controlled behaviors DEFINITION 49 emerge before needed, appear not as a result of conscious choice, not triggered by external events, teaching and practice have little effect, regular sequence of milestones, critical period TERM 50 critical period DEFINITION 50 period of development in which language must be acquired, from birth to puberty TERM 51 imitation theory DEFINITION 51 claims that kids get language by repeating the speech heard from speakers, fails to account for errors not found in adult speech, children also produce novel utterance which they did not hear from adults TERM 52 reinforcement theory DEFINITION 52 claims that children learn to speak correctly on the basis of reinforcement, praises and rewards for correct forms and correction or punishment for incorrect ones, attempts to correct incorrect utterances often fall on deaf ears TERM 53 connectionist theories DEFINITION 53 claims children learn language by making neural connections in the brain, these connections develop from hearing and using language, children acquire language and produce forms based not on abstract rules but on statistical patterns, explains outputs like frang to nonsense verbs like fring TERM 54 social interaction theory DEFINITION 54 claims children acquire language through interaction with speakers, children and other adults, keeps the premises that children develop rules and are predisposed towards acquiring language, underscores use of child directed speech, the way adults speak to kids, however kids produce utterances which do not are child directed speech TERM 55 high amplitude sucking DEFINITION 55 infants are given a pacifier which makes makes a sound upon being sucked, initially suck rapidly bc interested in sound,lose interest rapidly TERM 56 conditioned head turn procedure DEFINITION 56 child is first conditioned to expect a visual change accompanying change in sound, then when sound is changed, child looks to see if the visual changes after sound change TERM 57 babbling DEFINITION 57 producing strings of consonants and vowels, four to six months, initially palatal and bilabial consonants, along with low back unrounded vowels TERM 58 repeated or canonical babling DEFINITION 58 seven to ten months same consonants and vowels TERM 59 variegated babbling DEFINITION 59 ten to twelve months, different vowels and consonants begin to emergy TERM 60 children do not produce words consistently until DEFINITION 60 twelve months TERM 71 children master nouns at DEFINITION 71 aruond 6-9 months TERM 72 proper nouns are mastered DEFINITION 72 after regular nouns TERM 73 bilingual DEFINITION 73 having native like control of two languages TERM 74 multilingual DEFINITION 74 having native like control of more than two languages TERM 75 simultaneous bilingualism DEFINITION 75 acquire two languages at once from birth TERM 76 sequential bilingualism DEFINITION 76 acquire one language later than the other TERM 77 transfer DEFINITION 77 influence of native language on second langue, can be positive or negative, TERM 78 factors influencing success of second language acquisiton DEFINITION 78 motivation, age, exposure to target language TERM 79 mode of communication DEFINITION 79 medium of transmission TERM 80 semanticity, DEFINITION 80 communicative signs have associated meaning, all communication has this TERM 81 pragmatic function DEFINITION 81 communication serves a purpose, all communication has this TERM 82 interchangeability DEFINITION 82 a communicator can transmit and receive, human communication and many other forms have this, some lack this TERM 83 cultural transmission DEFINITION 83 some aspects of the communication must be acquired through interaction with other communicators, human language has this, most animal communication is not TERM 84 arbitrariness DEFINITION 84 connection between form and meaning is arbitrary, most animal communication is iconic, some is arbitrary as is human language TERM 85 discreteness DEFINITION 85 building up forms out of smaller discrete units, human language is discrete, most animal communications are not TERM 96 sociolinguistics DEFINITION 96 study of relationship between language variety and social structure TERM 97 idiolect DEFINITION 97 single speakers variety TERM 98 dialect DEFINITION 98 variety of a language which is spoken by a group of speakers and which is noticeable different from the variety spoken by another group of speakers, every person speaks a dialect TERM 99 speech community DEFINITION 99 a group of speakers of the same dialect,speech communities may be defined in terms of extra linguistic factors TERM 100 extralinguistic factor DEFINITION 100 factor external to language, esx region geography socioeconomic class, age, gender, ethnicity, race TERM 101 communicative isolation DEFINITION 101 where a speech community is relatively isolated from speakers outside of community, relatively rare in modern world TERM 102 accent DEFINITION 102 phonetic or phonological variation, every speaker has an accent TERM 103 dialect vs language DEFINITION 103 two varieties are said to be dialects of the same language if they are mutually intelligible TERM 104 mutual intelligibility DEFINITION 104 speakers of dialect a can understand speakers of dialect b and vice versa TERM 105 complications DEFINITION 105 other extralinguistics factors can influence speakers perceptions of whether two varieties are distinct languages or not, dialect continue TERM 106 dialect continuum DEFINITION 106 series of dialects where adjecnt dialects are mutually intelligible but dialects on opposite ends of the continuum are not mutually intelligible TERM 107 speech style DEFINITION 107 variation based on topic, setting, addressee, context dependent TERM 108 register DEFINITION 108 speech style based on formality TERM 109 style shifting DEFINITION 109 automatic adjustment of speech style, based on situation, largely non conscious TERM 110 jargon DEFINITION 110 technical language, a language variety differing only in lexical terms TERM 121 phonological/phonemic variation DEFINITION 121 variation in the number of phonemes or distribution of allophones TERM 122 morphological variation DEFINITION 122 variation in morphological usage, ex distribution of morphemes or use of entirely different morphemes TERM 123 syntactic variation DEFINITION 123 variation in syntactic properties TERM 124 lexical variation DEFINITION 124 variation in vocabulary items TERM 125 regional variation DEFINITION 125 linguistic variation based on geography TERM 126 regional dialect DEFINITION 126 a variety of language particular to speakers of a particular geographic area TERM 127 isogloss DEFINITION 127 line marking the boundary of use of one form or rule, a bundle of isoglosses is typically used to differentiate two regional dialects TERM 128 social dialect DEFINITION 128 a variety specific to speakers belonging to a social group, TERM 129 socioeconomic variation DEFINITION 129 commoner in lower class speed are variation TERM 130 gender variation DEFINITION 130 women lead linguistic changes, males generally acquire such change a generation behind TERM 131 ethnic variation DEFINITION 131 aave multiple negation, habitual be, chicano english, lumbee TERM 132 language is often tied to DEFINITION 132 identity TERM 133 speakers can use language variety to DEFINITION 133 signal identity TERM 134 synchronic language change DEFINITION 134 at a certain time period TERM 135 diachronic language change DEFINITION 135 across time TERM 146 mother language DEFINITION 146 ancestor of another language TERM 147 daughter language DEFINITION 147 descendent of another language TERM 148 sister languages DEFINITION 148 descendants from the same mother language TERM 149 protolanguage DEFINITION 149 earlier common language from which members of a language family descend TERM 150 family DEFINITION 150 tree theory, analogizes language relatedness to that of humans, shows descent from a protolanguage to its daughter languages TERM 151 regularity hypothesis DEFINITION 151 sound change is regular and exceptionless TERM 152 wave theory DEFINITION 152 a different model for representing linguistic relatedness, changes and innovations can spread from one language to nearby ones, accounts for dialect continua TERM 153 sound change DEFINITION 153 includes phonetic and phonemic change TERM 154 phonetic change DEFINITION 154 change in pronunciation only TERM 155 phonemic/phonological change DEFINITION 155 affects phonological system, changes in number of phonemes or distribution of allophones TERM 156 unconditioned sound change DEFINITION 156 change that occurs at all instances TERM 157 conditioned sound change DEFINITION 157 occurs only within a conditioning environment TERM 158 monophthongization DEFINITION 158 a diphthong becomes a monophthong TERM 159 diphthongization DEFINITION 159 a monophthong becomes a diphthong TERM 160 raising DEFINITION 160 a vowel is produced at a higher point in the mouth