Jewish and Christian History: From Deuteronomy to the Protestant Reformation - Prof. Caleb, Study notes of World Religions

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Judaism
Torah  Religious law  Consists of the Hebrew Bible itself and all the commentaries on it  The term also refers specifically to the first 5 books of the Bible  Contains the history of Israel  Became the foundation document of the nation in the 2nd commonwealth period in somewhat the same way that the collected body of British law serves as Britain’s constitution  At the the time of the first temple, referred only to laws governing priestly behavior  Starting with the book of Deuteronomy it was used to refer first to a written book of law, and then to all 5 books of the Pentateuch  Written on scrolls  Entire Hebrew bible or Tanakh: an acronym for ‘Torah’, Nebi’im (prophets), and Ketuvim (sacred writings) and even the books of oral law—Midrash, Mishnah, and Talmud—can be called the Torah  Can refer to any revelatory or canonical literature  From Powerpoint: o Dual Torah  Broad sense  “All the vastness and variety of the Jewish Tradition”  traditionally orally transmitted  D’var Torah-homily  Textual sense  The Torah  1st 5 books of the Hebrew Bible o The Torah  Aka- The Books of Moses or the Pentateuch  Narrative  Genesis  Creation myth (adam and eve)  Flood myth (noah and family)  Patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, Israel, etc)  Exodus  Enslavement of Hebrews in Egypt  Plagues  Exodus from Egypt into Palestine/Canaan  Legislative  Leviticus  Numbers  Deuteronomy  Recapitulates the legislation and major narratives  Death of Moses  Authorship dated to the reign of Josiah  Four Sources  Two from 1,000-800 BCE (J and E)  Legal justifications  Aesthetic value  Historial precendent over rationale  Craftans  Prayer books o Leopold Zunz and Zecharias Frankel
Dreyfus Affair
Dvar Torah  A talkon topics relating to a section of the Torah – typically the weekly Torah portion  Rabbis will often give their D’var torah after the Torah service  Likely that it will carry a life lesson, backed up my passages from certain Jewish texts like the Talmud or Mishnah
Eve  Derived from the word ‘living’
Exile  In 586 BCE the Judean kingdom fell, Solomon’s temple was razed, and the society’s leaders were exiled to Babylonia  Marks the transition from the national cult of an ancient kingdom to the religious heritage of a widely dispersed people  From the 6th century BCE on, we speak of Jews and Judaism rather than of Hebrews or Israelites and Hebrew or Israelite religion  Life became more urban than agricultural  Institution known as the synagogue was born, and even after the ruined temple was rebuilt, three generations later, congregational life gained in emphasis over temple worship  Aramaic replaced Hebrew as the vernacular language
Exodus  Tells the story of Moses  Chapter 3 of exodus relates an encounter that Moses has with God during a visit to the wilderness before his people’s escape from Egypt  God declares his identity to Moses as the God of the patriarchal lineage Abraham- Isaac-Jacob and gives his personal name represented in Hebrew by the four letters YHWH  This name of God, the most holy of all, is sometimes referred to by the Greek term Tetragammaton  ‘I am who I am’ – to be  The Hebrews in the Exodus story are working as laborers on Egyptian construction  All jewish people come to identify with the Exodus as a metaphor of the transition from slavery to the status of a people with a destiny and purpose  The Passover festival commemorates their participation in this historical event  10 commandments
Gemara  The body of Aramaic commentary attached to the Hebrew text of the Mishnah, which together with it makes up the Talmud (both the Jerusalem Talmud and the Bbaylonian Talmud)
Genesis  First 11 chapters describe the primeval history of the universe  Jews celebrate the Sabbath starting at sundown Friday night and ending at sundown on Saturday  First 11 chapters provide the background that explains why God had to choose a specific people to convey his ideas to the human race
Gilgamesh
Hasidism  Founder was Israel Ben Eliezer known as the Baal Shem Tov (‘master of the Good name’)  Humility  Wandered from community to community meeting ordinary people and attracting disciples  Appears to have obtained the title as a result of his success at healing  Proclaimed a simple and accessible message: the best way of communicating with God is through humility, good deeds, prayer, and joy  Preached the important of virtues such as forbearance and mutual help  Sought the presence of God in everyday life
Holocaust  1939—Second World War began  by the time in ended in 1945, approx. 6 millions Jews had been put to death by the Nazis  Entlosung—‘the final solution’ to the Jewish problem
Isaac
Jewish State
Kabbalah  ‘received tradition’  heavenly journey of the Merkabah mystics became a journey into the self  in the place of heavenly palaces, Kabbalah developed a notion of ten spherot (‘countings’ or ‘spheres’) which are emanations of God an objects of meditation  by correctly allighning these spherot through rituals, pious deeds, and mystical meditation, the Kabbalist gains access to the divine and can affect the future course of events and so participate in the divine plan for the universe
Leopold Zunz  1819 founded the Judische Wissenchaft ‘science of judaism’ movement  tended to look for historical justification before making an innovation  part of the Conservative Judaism
Mishnah  Basic literature of rabbinic Judaism consisted of this 1st  Rabbinic biblical commentary follows the sequence and structure of books already extant in the Hebrew canon at the end of the 1st century  Hebrew  Sabbath rules  Dress  Kosher o Negotiation of Torah and “way of the land” o Moses Mendelssohn and Samson Hirsch
Pentateuch  Refers to the 5 books of Moses or the first five books of the bible
Reform  Product of 18th century Europe and reflected the progressive ideas of the Enlightenment  Movement reached its most significant form in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries  In 1807 Napoleon called for an assembly of rabbis and Jewish laymen, modeled on the ancient Sanhedrin, to determine whether the Jews of France were truly committed to French citizenship  As Jews’ freedom to participate in secular society increased, so did the number of Jews converting to Christianity. One response to the weakening of the Jewish community was religious reform  Centered in Germany  Sought to counter the temptations of Christianity by offering Jews a religious life that suited the time  Powerpoint: o Present over past o Began during the European Enlightenment o Reforming of Judaism into mainstream life o Early movement in Germany o Moses Mendelssohn  Assimilation  Emphasized reason  Sought equality
Samson Hirsch  Rabbi  Part of the Orthodox movement  Outlined a postitive program for modern Orthodoxy  Essentially he gave credence to both the modern world and the traditional soucres of Jewish identity, calling for both Torah (law, used here in the sense of ‘Jewish religious truth’) and Derekh Eretz (literally ‘the way of the land’; here referring specifically to European life)
Sefer Torah  Torah for Ritual usage  Scribal tradition  Ornamentations and ark  Read in synagogues throughout the year o Sections  Sedra or parashah  Named after first significant word o Followed by d’var Torah
Sephardim  Diasporic religion  Descendants of jews who left Spain or Portugal after the 1492 expulsion  Moses Maimonides  1492  Asian and African Jews  Palestinian tradition  Maintains more medieval European characteritstics
Talmud  Large body of commentary  Two different Talmud’s that comment on the Mishnah  One of the commentaries is form the Jewish community living in the land of Israel, the other is from the Jewish community living in Babylonia  Palestinian Talmud (Jerusalem Talmud) o Historical records at a time when the situation of its producers was deteriorating  The roman empire was in the process of Christinatization  Babylonian Talmud o More incisive and it became the authoritative version  These commentaries are in Aramic  Typically, the text of the Talmud starts with a short passage from the Mishnah and then continues with the text of the related Gemarah (completion)  Core is a document of law  Halakha and aggada
Tanakh  Torah- Teachings o Ca. 4th BCE o Gensis Christianity 12/02/2010
Jesus  His life o Four Canonical Gospels  Synoptic  Mark, Matthew, Luke  Quelle source  John  Later  Reflects theological developments  All written decades after Jesus’ death o Life serves as the basis for Nazarene Sect o Born in stable o Angel’s announcment to shepherds o Circumsision/prophesy of Simon and Anna o Magi’s offerings o Herod’s infanticide o Flight to Egypt o Disputation o Minisitry  Arrives back on the scene at 30  Miracles  Water and wine  Heals  Social reform  Contestation of the Law  Intentions o Trial and Death  Entering Jerusalem  Last supper  Betrayal  Pilate-Herod-Pilate  Crucifixtion  Easter  Great Commission/Ascension
8-4 BCE
95 Theses
Anglicanism  Henry VIII wanted a male heir, but his queen, Catherine of Aragon, had borne only a daughter  Hoping Anne Boleyn would produce a son, in 1527 Henry requested an annulment of his first marriage on the groups that it was invalid because Catherine had previously been married to his deceased brother  He secretly married Anne and then had the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, annul the 1st marriage and pronounce the second valid  English parliament in 1534 passed an Act of Supremacy, which ‘for corroboration and confirmation’ proclaimed the king and his successors by authority of Parliament ‘the only Supreme Head in the earth of the Church of England’  It was an established state church without links to Rome; had a traditional mass, but conducted in the vernacular; had a hierarchy with bishops, but with clergy who could now marry  The church of the Church of England is generally called Anglican, although it is known in the United States as Episcopalian, after its form of government by bishops  Tension between the ‘high-church’ and ‘low-church’ Anglicanism o High church side can approach Roman Catholicism in its emphasis on ritual o Whereas the low church side is more spontaneous and evangelical
Archbishop of Canterbury  Ranking bishop of the Church of England
Ascension
Bethlehem
Chi Ro  One of the earliest forms of christogram, and is used by Christians  Formed by superimposing the first two letters in Greek spelling of the word Christ in such a way to produce the monogram  Invokes the crucifixition of Jesus as well as symbolizing his status as Christ  Used by pagan Greek scribes to mark a particular valuable or relevant passage
Constantine  Gradually abandoned the persecution policy and in 313 gave them liberty to practice their religion  Emperor’s conversion was sparked by a vision he experienced—on the eve of a decisive battle in 312—of a cross in the heavens and the words ‘conquer in this sign’; the following day his troops won the battle and gave him control of the western half of the empire  Sunday did not become a public holiday until 321  Was not baptized a Christian until he was on his deathbed  Mother Helena  Battle of Milvain Bride  Edit of Milan 313  Mark o Comes 2nd in the New Testament, it is considered to be the eearliest of the 4 gospels that were eventually accepted as canonical o Says nothing about Jesus’ life before the beginning of his mature ministry o His account begins with John the Baptist, the leader of a desert-based movement, who performs the ritual of baptism on Jesus o Jesus then withdraws into the desert himself  After a 40 day retreat during which he wrestles with Satan, God’s arch-enemy, Jesus launches his ministry in the region of Galilee, proclaiming that the kingdom, proclaiming that the kingdom of God is at hand o Jesus selects from those who follow him a group of 12 to form an inner circle of disciples o Eventually he goes to Jerusalem, arriving with a crowd that shouts ‘Hosanna’ (a cry for divine deliverance in Hebrew prayer) and proclaims the coming of the meswsiah: a king in the line of the dynastic founder, David, who brings deliverance o During the course of the week, he disputes with the religious authorities, celebrates the Passover with his disciples, is betrayed by one of them (Judas), is arrested, and is brought to trial before Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor o Before the beginning of the Sabbath he is placed in a tomb that is sealed with a large stone  The day after the Sabbath, when three women from among his following go to the tom, they find the stone rolled away and the body missing  Luke o Biography of Jesus includes two chapters of material not found in Mark o In addition to recounting events in Jesus’ life before his baptism, this material includes visions and portents anticipating the birth of John the Baptist as well as that of Jesus o Luke tells how Jesus was born in Bethlehem, how angles (divine messengers) announced the birth to shepherds in the fields, and how the shepherds went to pay their respects to the newborn messiah o Does not mention any wise men but does say that at a new-born purification ceremony in the temple, a devout man proclaims the infant to be the messiah o Luke also provides more detail than Mark regarding the trial and crucifixtion of Jesus  In his version, the charge is that by claiming kingship, Jesus has incited rebellion  Here Pilate himself declares Jesus innocent of any crime, but yields to mob pressure to have him executed anyway  Luke tells how, after the discovery of the empty tomb, Jesus appears among his followers and speaks to them.  Matthew o Includes much of the same material as Luke’s , but his focus is noticeably different o Clearly designed his narrative to persuade a Jewish audience of the truth of Jesus’ claim to be the messiah o Mentions Herods barbarity o Opens his gospel by giving a genealogy of Jesus as the descendant of King David, in a lineage that runs through Joseph, husband of Mary o However, matthew bypasses this genealogy by telling how Mary conceived the child—by the Holy Spirit—before her marriage to joesph o Purpose to show that the birth of Jesus exactly fulfilled a prophecy in the 6th chapter of Isaiah o Luke and Matthew are the only ones who mention the ‘virgin birth’  John o This was one is very different from the other three ‘synoptic gospels’ o Expressly concerned to assert the cosmic significance of Jesus’ life and declare his identity as messiah and saviour o His theoretical reflection developed over some decades after the composition of the synoptic gospels o John declares Jesus to be the incarnation of the divine word logos which signifies a divine blueprint or pattern or divine intelligence o For John, the eternal divine purpose has now become a personal presence in human form, and this incarnation took place only a short while ago, in the community’s recent experience o John is in step here with Paul, an early convert who probably contributed as much as anyone to the shaping of the early Christian message o John, like paul, is now using the title ‘Christ’ (Greek translation of the Hebrew word for messiah, ‘anointed’)
Great commission  Instructions of the resurrected Jesus Christ to his disciples, that they spread his teachings to all the nations of the worlds
Great Schism of 1054  Ecumenical Patriach Michael Cerularius o Wrote about the Jewish practices of the West  Leavened Bread Issue  Letter Circulated o Did not give primacy to the Church of Rome  Pope Leo IX o Sent Cardinal Humbert to mitigate o Authorized him to excoummicate  Mutally excommunication  “Reconciled” in 1965 by Paul VI and Athenagoras I
Henry VII
Herod
Holiness  Holiness churches: protestant churches that believe their members have already received ‘holiness’ as a gift from God  Rooted in Methodism  More conservative
Homousios  Same essence
Isaiah’s prophecy  74
Jesus’s 1st Miracle  207, 208  water into wine
Jesus’s Message o In his letters, he refers to himself as the apostle to the gentiles o For Paul, it is not through observance of ritual laws or even correct moral conduct that salvation is attained, but rather through faith in Jesus and the divine grace that comes through him o Introduces theme, contrasting life ‘in the spirit’—life centered on lasting religious values such as faith, hope, and love—with life ‘in the flesh’, the pursuit of what passes away, including worldly ambition or pleasure o Executed in Rome as part of the emperor Nero’s persecution of Christians
Pentecost  Festival held seven weeks after the Passover during which Jesus was executed  50th day after Easter, commemorated as the dramatic occasion when Jesus’ followers experienced the presence of the Holy Spirit and the ability to preach and be understood in different languages  Holy Spirit  Peter’s sermon
Pentecostalism  Emphasis on immediate personal experience rather than any textual or doctrinal tradition, it can take a varity of forms and appeal effectively to people with little formal education
Pope Leo IX
Protestant Reformation  By the early 16th century, pressure for a change in the Latin Church had been building for decades  When John Wyclif and John Hus among the Czechs proposed to replace Latin with the vernacular in worship and to translate the Bible into the languages of the people, the church condemned them as heretics  Martin Luther ultimately enabled this reformation  Technology of printing helped the spread of this movement  Historical Context o Rise of Kings in North of Europe o Printing Press in 1456 o Renaissance o Literacy  Religious Context o Indulgences o John Wyclif and John Hus
Quelle
Roman Church  Council of Trent 1545: acted to enforce discipline and end the abuses and excesses that had so weakned the Church’s credibility as an institution  143-158  Fall of the Temple  Council of Nicea (325 CE) o Nature of Jesus o Rome, Alexandria, Antioch  Constantinople (330) o New Rome the city of Constantine o Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria o Councils of Constantinople (381); Chalcedon (451)  Differences: o Roman:  Patriarchs: peter and paul  Latin  Unleavended bread  Filioque-from the son o Constantinople  Patriach- Andrew  Greek  Leavened breed
Southern Baptists
Synoptic
Trial
Ulrich Zwingli  Swiss reformer  Broke off form Luther  Insisted that the words ‘this is my body’ meant only ‘this represents’: in short, that the Eucharist rite was purely symbolic
Islam Mallory Meads 0 Bedwins 
Ibn Abd Wahab
Ijtihad  Secondary sources of islamic theoroical and systematic aspect of Islamic law  Personal reasoning of the scholars o Process through which legal scholars deduced from the Qur’an and sunnah the laws that are the foundations of their various schools of thought  Signifies a scholar’s best effort in this endeavour, which is based on reasoning from analogous situations in the past
Iman  Means faith, trust, and a personal sense of safety and well-being in God’s providental care, mercy, and justice  Synonymous with islam: total surrender of the human will and destiny to the will of God  Inner conviction whose sincerity God alone can judge, a commitment to a way of life in the worship of God and in moral relations with other persons  For Sunni Muslims, the term ‘imam’ refers to anyone who serves as the leader of prayer at the josque, a role that the calpuh sometimes preformed  For shi’a, it is the title given to the one individual held to be the rightful, divenly mandated leader of the Muslim community  The person who leads the prayer when two or more Muslims pray together; Shi’a also use the term to refer to the legitimate leader of the Muslim community after Muhammad
Indonesia  232, 285   independence in 1949  90% muslim  3 types  5 principles
Islam  Name means ‘submission’ in Arabic and signifies the commitment of its adherents to live in total submission of God  A person who professes Islam is called Muslim meaning ‘one who submits to God’  The Qur’an presents Islam as the universal and primordial faith of all prohphets from Adam to Muhammad and of all those who lbeleive in God  Islam is God’s eternal way for the universe  Inanimate things, plants and animals, even the angles are all muslims to God by nature or instinct.  Only human Islam is an islam of choice
Jihad  Arabic for ‘struggle’  Inner jihad is the struggle to make oneself more Islamic; outer jihad is the struggle to make one’s society more Islamic
Ka’ba  203
Khadija  Muhammad’s wife
Khalifas  One who represents or acts on behalf of another  After Muhammad’s death, his comrade Abu Bakr was called the khalifat rasul Allah —the ‘succesor’ of the Messenger of God
Mecca  Having left all their goods and property behind them in Mecca, the Muslims resorted to raiding Meccan caravans returning from Syria  In response, the Meccans sent an army of roughly a thousand men to Medina in 624  Muslims were outnumbered but they beat the Meccans o Battle of Badr  To avenge their defeat, the Meccans met the Muslims the following year by Mount Uhud, not far form Medina, and this time they prevailed o The prophet was badly injured and it was rumored he had been killed o Following this battle, the Prophet decided to expel the Jews from Medina and its neighbouring settlements  When the men of Quraysh attacked Medina it was called the Battle of the Trench (627) the city was able to withstand the siege and in 628 the Meccans were impelled to seek a truce  Meccans capitulated and accepted Islam when the Prophet set out to convert them to Islam  Muhammad attributed the conquest of Mecca solely to God  The prophet returned to Medina, where he died two years later, in 632, after making a farewell pilgrimage to Meca and its sacred shrine, the Ka’bah
Medina  Agritcultural economy  Convenant of Medina: constitutional document that the city was of Muslim commonwealth  The Prophet expected the Jews of Medina to be natural allies and he adopted a number of Jewish practices including the fast of the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)  In the Qur’an the people of Medina are called Ansar ‘helpers’ because they were the 1st supporters and protectors of Islam and the Prophet
Muawiya I  Utman’s follower
Muhammad  570-632 ce  grew up an orphan  little is known about his youth  married Khadijah  Was called ‘al-Amin’ (the ‘faithful’ or ‘trustworthy’) because of the confidence he inspired in people  Once a year, during Ramadan, he spent his days in seclusion in a cave on Mount Hira, a short distance from Mecca

Rabiah-  220-1  transformed ascetic piety into mysticism was an infusion of divine love that is exemplified by the woman mystic  loved God with no other motive than love itself  mystics of all religious traiditons have used the language of erotic love to express their love for God  loved God with two loves: the love of passion and a spiritual love worthy of him alone  ebasid dynasty (important) – match dates
Rightly Guide Caliphs 
Rumi  Most creative poet of the Persian language was Jalal al-Din Rumi  Met a wandering Sufi named Shams of Tabriz o Two men developed a relationship so intimate that Rumi neglected his teaching duties, because he could not bear to be separated form his friend o In the end Shams disappeared and Rumi poured out his soul in heart-rending verses expression his love for the ‘Sun’ (Shams) o Rumi’s greatest masterpiece is his Mathnawi a collection of nearly 30,000 verses  Depicts the longing of human soul for God
Sassanian Empire
Saudi Arabia  Shift to modern government and Capitalization  Through islam  Wahhabi  social and economic activism
Sayyid Ahmad Khan  Indian  Anglo-muhammadan college  Liberal  Educational reforms o 245  called for modern ijtihad or rethinking of the Islmaic heritage, but unlike most of them he reject hadith tradition as a legitimate basis for modern Islamic living  founded the Aligarh Muhammadan College where he attempted to apply his ideas in a modern Western-style program of education
Sevener  Majority of Shi’a accepted the line of Husaynid imams down to Ja’far  Major schism occurred when Ja’far’s oldest son and successor, Isma’il, died about 10 years before him o Ja’far appointed a younger son Musa al-Kazim Many of ja’far’s supporters considered this appointment irregular and insisted that the 7th Imam should be Isma’il’s son Ahmad  For this reason they became to be known as Isma’ilis or the ‘seveners’  Since 1818 their leader or Imam has been known as the Aga Khan
Shah Wali Allah  Reformer of Sufism  In Delhi  Maintains spiritual path  Rids antinomianism and relativism  Sought to strengthen Islamic community
Sharia  Universally binding sacred law  The Torah is an example  ‘law of God’  originally signified the way to a source of water  most Muslims believe it to be God’s plan for the ordering of human society  actions are classified in 5 categories o lawful (halal) and therefore obligatory; o commendable, and therefore recommended o neutral, and therefore permitted o reprehensible, and therefore disliked; o unlawful (haram) and therefore forbidden  the specific regulations of Islamic law  From powerpoint: o A new faith remained rough and unformed o A guide book for Muslim lifestyle o A code of laws  Islamic theological  Legal traditions o 4 centuries later, his ideas became the basis of the reform program advocated by the Wahhabi movement named for its founder Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd al- Wahhab  preached a strictly egalitarian Islam based solely on a direction relationship between the worshiper and God  regarded the veneration of saints as a form of idolatry  destroyed the prophets tomb in Medina  attacked the Shi’I sacred cities  basic ideals have appealed to many revivalists and played an especially signficiant role in 18th and 19th century Sufi reforms o present day al-Qaeda and the Tablian were influenced by them  transformed the internal struggle to ‘purify’ Islam into an extneral war against all perceived enemies, Muslim and non-Muslim alike  From Powerpoint: o Ibn Taimiya o Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab o Muhammad ibn Sa’ud o Practical worship, organization, egalitarian o Resisted because of violence, prohibition and censorship
Yathrib New Religions Mallory Meads
New Religions  Judaism  Christianity  Hinduism  Buddhism  Determined by its relationship with o Mainstream o “orthodox”
Ahmadiyyat
American Civic Religion  Built on protestant terminology  But NOT protestant or christian  “manifest destiny”  “city on a hill”  george Washington and Abraham Lincoln  holy days  temples
Aquarius
Beatles
Brigham Young
City on a hill
Dianetics
Engrams
Gerrald Gardener
Ghulam Ahmad
Horned God
Joseph Smith
L. Ron Hubbard
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
Mahdi
Manifest Destiny
Mormonism  Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints o Joseph Smith o Book of Mormon  Tablets  Moroni  Native americans o Return of 144,000 (latter-day) saints  Heavily persecuted
Moroni
Mother Goddess
MUM
Neopaganism