Final Exam Review, part 1 | BIOL 2704 - Evolutionary Biology, Quizzes of Biology

Download Final Exam Review, part 1 | BIOL 2704 - Evolutionary Biology and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Coevolution DEFINITION 1 reciprocal adaptation in interacting species owing to natural selection imposed by each on the other TERM 2 species DEFINITION 2 in an evolutionary sense, species form a boundary for allele spread (lack of gene flow) and represent independent evolutionary trajectories TERM 3 what are the 3 ways we identify populations that are on unique evolutionary trajectories? DEFINITION 3 morphospecies conceptbiological species conceptphylogenetic species conept TERM 4 how are organisms classified based on the morphological species concept? DEFINITION 4 classified as the same species if they appear to be identical in anatomical terms TERM 5 what are the strengths of the morphospecies concept? DEFINITION 5 it is very easy to apply to all organisms and fossils TERM 6 what are the weaknesses of the morphological species concept? DEFINITION 6 two different people can arrive at two totally different conclusions when observing the same group of speciesmany unique species are lumped together, while those that are identical are split up TERM 7 what are some complications with fossils in using the morphological species concept? DEFINITION 7 we are not able to observe important traits such ascolorsoundbehaviorphysiologyresponse to abiotic factors TERM 8 What is the Biological Species Concept? DEFINITION 8 it defines species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbred in nature, not based on appearance.species are reproductively isolated from one another, there is either no hybridizing or no fertile offspring is produced in hybridization TERM 9 what are the strengths of the biological species concept? DEFINITION 9 it confirms a lack of gene flow TERM 10 what are some weaknesses of the biological species concept? DEFINITION 10 it is difficult to apply without experimental breeding testsit cannot be used on fossilsit is irrelevant to asexual speciesthere can be problems for plants that often hybridize TERM 21 parapatric speciation DEFINITION 21 there is no specific geographical barrier to separate organisms, but there is no random mating in the population. Organisms are more likely to mate with their geographic neighbor TERM 22 sympatric speciation DEFINITION 22 no physical isolationnew species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region TERM 23 how can allopatric speciation occur? DEFINITION 23 through the dispersal or colonizationvicariance - an actual split in the land TERM 24 how can parapatric speciation occur? DEFINITION 24 in large populations, neighbors breed more readily so gene flow is disrupted between non-adjacent individuals or groupsit can be reinforced by environmental gradients that resiut in varying selection pressures in different parts of the range TERM 25 what is an important concept in parapatric speciation? DEFINITION 25 Wallace Effect TERM 26 Wallace Effect DEFINITION 26 hypothesis developed by Alfred Russel Wallace stating that low fitness of hybrids encourages reproductive isolation TERM 27 what causes sympatric speciation? DEFINITION 27 the development of polyploidy/hybridizationdisruptive natural selection, especially when coupled with non-random mating TERM 28 polyploidy DEFINITION 28 cells and organisms containing more than two paired sets of chromosomesit is the only mode of instantaneous speciation by a single gentic eventmost common in PLANTS TERM 29 what is the only mode of sympatric speciation that is accepted as common? DEFINITION 29 polyploidy TERM 30 hybridization DEFINITION 30 crossbreeding between individuals of two different species or variety TERM 31 what are some outcomes of hybridization? DEFINITION 31 viable and fertile hybrids can get zones of hybridization where the genotype and phenotype varies from both parental speciescan lead to offspring who are better adapted than either parent and can result in a new species TERM 32 Disruptive Natural Selection theory DEFINITION 32 you get selection for the extremes in phenotype, leading to assortative mating, which further isolates the extremes and eventually leads to a new species TERM 33 Assortative mating DEFINITION 33 nonrandom mating pattern and form of sexual selection in which individuals with similar genotypes/phenotypes mate with one another TERM 34 Non Random Mating Theory (assortative mating/sexual selection) DEFINITION 34 assortative mating or female choice (sexual selection) could lead ro divergence of species in sympatric populations TERM 35 what are the problems with the nonrandom mating theory? DEFINITION 35 it takes very little gene flow to prevent speciation if the individuals are living in the same habitat TERM 46 what is the molecular clock used for? DEFINITION 46 to determine divergence times TERM 47 molecular clock DEFINITION 47 the changes in the amino acid sequences of proteins that take place during evolution and speciation, and from which the dates of branchings of taxonomic groups can be deduced.based on the idea that the substitution rate is constant TERM 48 what kind of substitutions arise more quickly? DEFINITION 48 synonymous TERM 49 what did Kimura suggest about molecular evolution? DEFINITION 49 most molecular evolution (base changes) should be neutral due to mutation/drift TERM 50 what are the types of non-synonymous substitutions? DEFINITION 50 purifying/negativeneutralpositive TERM 51 what do we learn from nonsynonymous substitutions? DEFINITION 51 the ratio of Ka/Kswhere Ka = non-synonymous substitutionsand Ks = synonymous substitutions TERM 52 Negative/purifying substitutions DEFINITION 52 Ka/Ks < 1 TERM 53 Neutral substitutions DEFINITION 53 Ka/Ks ~ 1 TERM 54 Positive substitutions DEFINITION 54 Ka/Ks > 1 TERM 55 which type of substitution is favored in purifying//negative selection? DEFINITION 55 synonymous TERM 56 which type of substitution is favored in positive selection? DEFINITION 56 non-synonymous TERM 57 what was the first gene clearly linked to language? DEFINITION 57 FOXP2 gene TERM 58 what lead to the development of language in humans? DEFINITION 58 2 nonsynonymous substitutions in the FOXP2 gene 6 million years ago TERM 59 what does SNP stand for? DEFINITION 59 single nucleotide polymorphisms TERM 60 single nucleotide polymorphism DEFINITION 60 a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome, where each variation is present to some appreciable degree within a population TERM 71 what is the Oparin Haldane model? DEFINITION 71 a logical framework of how life may have originated on Earth TERM 72 what does LUCA stand for? DEFINITION 72 Last Universal Common Ancestor TERM 73 how does LUCA relate to DNA and proteins? DEFINITION 73 likely used DNA to store heritable information and used proteins to express that infomation TERM 74 How does LUCA relate to present day genetic code? DEFINITION 74 likely used the same genetic code, with 4 nucleotides and 20 amino acids (more in a cellular form/population of interbreeding cells that evolved) TERM 75 how long ago did the LUCA exist? DEFINITION 75 about 2 billion yrs, possibly even earlier TERM 76 how can we study precambrian life and search for the common ancestor? DEFINITION 76 look for fossil cellsestimate the phylogeny of all living things and infer from that what the characteristics of earliest life must have been TERM 77 what are some difficulties with using fossil cells to study precambrian life? DEFINITION 77 not many are present from that long agoit is very difficult to place in the tree of life when they are found TERM 78 what kind of data is useless for prokaryotes? DEFINITION 78 morphological TERM 79 why can molecular data be difficult for prokaryotes? DEFINITION 79 because you need a gene that is highly conserved both in structure and function and essential for lifeproblem with this is that drift alone would produce change over billions of years that would obscure relationships TERM 80 best option for studying precambrian life? DEFINITION 80 use of small subunit of ribosomal RNA that is critical for the translation of RNA TERM 81 what are the three domains? which are prokaryotes? DEFINITION 81 Archaea - prokaryoteBacteria - prokaryoteEukarya - eukaryote TERM 82 how does horizontal gene transfer relate to evolutionary history? DEFINITION 82 it provides evolutionary history for specific genes, NOT whole organisms or species TERM 83 what was the evolutionary process during the precambrian? DEFINITION 83 Inorganic --> organic building blocks --> Polymers --> cells TERM 84 How was the evolution of prokaryotic cells affected during the precambrian period? DEFINITION 84 membranes, DNA replication, protein synthesis, metabolism, and cell division became more refined TERM 85 how was the evolution of eukaryotic cells affected during the precambrian period? DEFINITION 85 cell was revised, formation of ornganelles and nucleus TERM 96 what kinds of organisms appeared in the Burgess Shale Fauna? DEFINITION 96 large, complex organisms such as cnidarians, arthropods, segmented worms, chordates, mollusks TERM 97 biogeography DEFINITION 97 study of the distribution of species across space and time TERM 98 where is the most vertebrate diversity found? DEFINITION 98 in the tropics TERM 99 which vertebrates dont follow the diversity pattern? DEFINITION 99 salamanders (caudata) TERM 100 what impacts the distribution of species? DEFINITION 100 global changes and evolution TERM 101 what do you have to understand in order to understand patterns of macroevolution? DEFINITION 101 the origination of species (alpha)and the extinction of species (omega) TERM 102 adaptive radiation DEFINITION 102 single or small group of ancestral species rapidly diversifies into a large number of descendant species that occupy a wide variety of ecological niches TERM 103 why do adaptive radiations occur? DEFINITION 103 ecological opportunityinnovations TERM 104 punctuated equilibrium DEFINITION 104 morphological evolution in some groups consists of long periods of stasis occasionally interrupted by speciation events that appear to be almost instantaneous in geological time TERM 105 who are the two men that had contrary beliefs in comparison to Darwin's gradualism? DEFINITION 105 Eldredge & Gould TERM 106 during mass extinctions, which is greater, alpha or omega? DEFINITION 106 Omega (rate of extinction) is greater than alpha (rate of speciation) TERM 107 what is the correlation in extinction and geographic range size in marine organisms? DEFINITION 107 negatively correlated. The greater the geographic range, the smaller the extinction rate TERM 108 what is mass extinction? DEFINITION 108 when there are large spikes in extinction rates above the background rate of extinction that occurs within any species TERM 109 why are mass extinctions so important in evolutionary history? DEFINITION 109 because they essentially reset the evolutionary stage TERM 110 how long ago did the end-ordovician family go extinct? how much of the species were lost? DEFINITION 110 440 mya86% of species lost TERM 121 what are the two anatomical variations in humans that contribute to language evolution? DEFINITION 121 larynx and brain regions TERM 122 how does the larynx contribute to evolution of language in humans? DEFINITION 122 it sits lower in humans, and allows for the vast amount of sounds that we make. These sounds lead to human speech TERM 123 what does the larynx allow infants to do simultaneously that adults can not do? DEFINITION 123 breathe and eat TERM 124 where are most of the language circuits in the human brain located? DEFINITION 124 the left hemisphere TERM 125 what are the two brain regions that are enlarged in humans but are homologous with monkeys? DEFINITION 125 brocas areawernickes area TERM 126 what other portion of the brain is enlarged but homologous to monkeys? DEFINITION 126 brain stem/limbic system TERM 127 communication DEFINITION 127 stimulus from one individual triggers response in others.can be via sound, touch, vision, scent TERM 128 language DEFINITION 128 system for representing conceptual structure and communication complex TERM 129 how many languages currently exist? DEFINITION 129 about 7000less than 1000 are expected to exist at the end of the century TERM 130 lexicon DEFINITION 130 words that have been stored in memory TERM 131 what are the avg lexicon of a six yr old and a 17 yr old? DEFINITION 131 6yr old- 13000 words17 year old- 50,000 words TERM 132 syntax DEFINITION 132 sentence structure TERM 133 phoneme DEFINITION 133 basic sound unit TERM 134 grammar DEFINITION 134 computational system of human language, which encompasses the patterns inherent in speech sounds word forms, and sentence structure TERM 135 Universal Grammar Hypothesis DEFINITION 135 states that children acquire the grammar of their native language spontaneously and without any formal education as long as they are interacting with language speakers