A Comprehensive Glossary of Psychology Terms: From Biological to Therapeutic, Quizzes of Psychology

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TERM 1 Biological (school of thought) DEFINITION 1 how the body influences behavior, thoughts and feelings TERM 2 Learning/Behaviorism (school of thought) DEFINITION 2 how the environment/experience affects behavior, thoughts, and feelings - opposite of biological - behavior modification TERM 3 Cognitive (school of thought) DEFINITION 3 how thoughts affect behavior and feelings TERM 4 Psychodynamic (school of thought) DEFINITION 4 how unconscious conflicts, inner forces affect behavior, thoughts, and feelings - problems with parents dictate adult relationships - Freud TERM 5 Sociocultural (school of thought) DEFINITION 5 how social/cultural influences affect thoughts, feelings, and bahavior TERM 6 Humanistic (school of thought) DEFINITION 6 how to create a fulfilled life (1960's) - be all that you can be, we all want to be good TERM 7 Correlation DEFINITION 7 looks for a consistent relationship between two things TERM 8 Correlation Coefficient DEFINITION 8 the number that describes the strength and direction of relationship between two variables - can be between -1.0 and +1.0 - 0 = no relationship TERM 9 Independent Variable (IV) DEFINITION 9 variable being controlled TERM 10 Dependent Variable (DV) DEFINITION 10 variable being measured (affect IV had) - what's being measured for everyone TERM 21 Occipital Lobes DEFINITION 21 visual cortex - sight TERM 22 Sensation DEFINITION 22 information coming into your brain TERM 23 Perception DEFINITION 23 organizing/interpreting the information coming into your brain TERM 24 Cornea DEFINITION 24 protective coating of surface of eye TERM 25 Iris DEFINITION 25 colored part, regulates amount of light that enters TERM 26 Pupil DEFINITION 26 black part, opening of iris TERM 27 Lens DEFINITION 27 transparent portion of eye focuses light onto the retina TERM 28 Retina DEFINITION 28 where images fall, where sensory receptor cells are TERM 29 Cones DEFINITION 29 Code for light, dark, and color TERM 30 Rods DEFINITION 30 Code for light and dark TERM 31 Sensory Adaptation DEFINITION 31 the perceived weakening of a sensation do to prolonged exposure to a stimulus TERM 32 Stage 1 of sleep DEFINITION 32 - lightest sleep - transition stage from awake to sleep - theta waves occur - last about 20 minutes TERM 33 Stage 2 of sleep DEFINITION 33 - mid-sleep - sleep spindles occur - K complex TERM 34 Stage 3 of sleep DEFINITION 34 - deep sleep - delta waves at 20% - heart/breathing slow/regular TERM 35 Stage 4 of sleep DEFINITION 35 - deepest sleep - delta waves at 100% - BP and HR at lowest activity level in 24 hours TERM 46 Operant Conditioning DEFINITION 46 learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of the behavior's occurance TERM 47 Positive Reinforcement DEFINITION 47 adding something to encourage good behavior TERM 48 Negative Reinforcement DEFINITION 48 taking something away to encourage good behavior TERM 49 Positive Punishment DEFINITION 49 adding something to detour bad behavior TERM 50 Negative Punishment DEFINITION 50 taking something away to detour bad behavior TERM 51 Level 1 (of 3 box model) DEFINITION 51 - sensory memory - very large capacity - material stays briefly TERM 52 Level 2 (of 3 box model) DEFINITION 52 - short term memory - limited capacity (+/- 7 chunks of information) - limited time (~30 seconds) - can keep information longer with chunking or rehearsal TERM 53 Level 3 (of 3 box model) DEFINITION 53 - long term memory - unlimited storage - can feed back to STM TERM 54 Zimbardo Prison Study DEFINITION 54 - roles have effect on our behavior, thoughts, and feelings TERM 55 Conformity DEFINITION 55 changing our behavior/attitudes to fit into the "norm" TERM 56 Bystander Apathy DEFINITION 56 - Kitty Genovese - affects of prosocial behavior - the more people present in an emergency, the more it takes to call help TERM 57 Diffusion of Responsibility DEFINITION 57 Someone else will do it TERM 58 Anorexia DEFINITION 58 - 10-15% underweight - distorted body image - deadliest mental illness on the planet TERM 59 Bulimia DEFINITION 59 - normal body weight - bingeing/purging TERM 60 Basic Emotions DEFINITION 60 happiness surprise anger fear disgust sadness TERM 71 Oral Stage DEFINITION 71 0-1 IS is gratified via mouth TERM 72 Anal Stage DEFINITION 72 1-3 ID is gratified via anus TERM 73 Phallic Stage DEFINITION 73 3-6 ID is gratified via genitals - unconscious sexual attraction to opposite sex TERM 74 Oedipus Complex DEFINITION 74 - phallic stage - boys unconscious desire to kill dad to be with mom TERM 75 Castration Anxiety DEFINITION 75 boys' fear that dad will find out about desire for mother and castrate them TERM 76 Electra Complex DEFINITION 76 girl's desire to possess mom but has not penis so switches to dad TERM 77 Penis Envy DEFINITION 77 upsetting discovery that girls do not have a penis TERM 78 Latency Stage DEFINITION 78 6-11 sexual desire is repressed (schoolwork) TERM 79 Genital Stage DEFINITION 79 11+ sexual desire is renewed romantic interest in peers becomes central motives TERM 80 Big Five Personality Traits DEFINITION 80 OCEAN -Openness -Conscientiousness -Extroversion - Agreeableness -Neuroticism TERM 81 Germinal Stage DEFINITION 81 2 weeks - conception, cell division/uterine implantation TERM 82 Embryonic Stage DEFINITION 82 2-8 weeks -major organs formed -heartbeat at 5 weeks TERM 83 Fetal Stage DEFINITION 83 the rest of pregnancy TERM 84 Early Childhood DEFINITION 84 2-7 years - improved muscle control/coordination TERM 85 Middle Childhood DEFINITION 85 7-11 years -slower growth but improved strength and coordination TERM 96 Generalized Anxiety Disorder DEFINITION 96 uneasy sense of general tension that lasts for years TERM 97 Panic Disorder DEFINITION 97 long periods of calm broken by anxiety attacks TERM 98 Major Depression DEFINITION 98 episodes of deep unhappiness and loss of interest in life - affects 10 million Americans TERM 99 Bipolar DEFINITION 99 periods of mania that alter between periods of severe depression TERM 100 Psychotic Disorder DEFINITION 100 disorder characterized by becoming out of touch with reality TERM 101 Schizophrenia DEFINITION 101 severe cognitive disturbance/disorganization of thought causes: - genetic predisposition - structural brain abnormalities - neurotransmitter abnormalities - prenatal/birth problems - adolescent abnormalities in brain development TERM 102 Delusions DEFINITION 102 distorted/bizarre beliefs that have no basis in reality - can be: - grandeur - persecution TERM 103 Psychodynamic view DEFINITION 103 childhood issues, unconscious processes are the cause of mental illness transference and resistance use to treat TERM 104 Client-Centered Therapy DEFINITION 104 emphasized the relationship between therapist and client (warmth and empathy) TERM 105 Unconditional Positive Regard DEFINITION 105 therapist must always respect and like client (builds client's self-esteem) TERM 106 Systematic Desensitization DEFINITION 106 a complex procedure involving progressive relaxation and graded exposure to stimuli TERM 107 Flooding DEFINITION 107 confronting client with high levels of feared stimuli until fear response is extinguished TERM 108 Skills Teaching DEFINITION 108 teaching skills that someone may be lacking TERM 109 Rational Emotive Theory (RET) DEFINITION 109 challenge a person's unrealistic thoughts/irrational beliefs TERM 110 Antidepressants DEFINITION 110 - mood elevators - increase levels of serotonin and norepinephrine