Final Exam - South Asian Realm | GR 1123 - Intro World Geog, Quizzes of Geography

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TERM 1 Subcontinent DEFINITION 1 Divides oceans Divided by mountains, deserts, and fertile valleys TERM 2 Cultural Diversity DEFINITION 2 Influenced by environmental diversity Unified by British colonial period Religious partitions: Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist - Pakistan's place in the region - Pakistan and India linked culturally and in a fight over Kashmir TERM 3 Tectonic Collision DEFINITION 3 Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate Accordion-like crust deformation TERM 4 Himalaya Mountains DEFINITION 4 High elevation conditions Permanent snow and ice provide meltwaters Headwaters of great rivers - Ganges , Indus , and Brahmaputra Rivers TERM 5 Monsoon DEFINITION 5 Northern Hemisphere summer conditions - Warm air rises as low pressure or over mountains - Water in air condenses into rain Driven by winds onto subcontinent Blocked and directed by Himalayas - Lasts for weeks TERM 6 Northern Mountains DEFINITION 6 Hindu Kush and Karakoram ranges in the WEST - Dry and barren Himalayas in CENTER - Mount Everest Ranges of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh in EAST - Green and forested TERM 7 Transitional Foothills DEFINITION 7 Valleys cut by meltwater TERM 8 River Lowlands DEFINITION 8 Pakistan's Lower Indus River Valley - Punjab = "land of five rivers" North Indian Plain: - Ganges River plain - Double delta of Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers TERM 9 Importance of Meltwater DEFINITION 9 Impact of global warming TERM 10 Deccan Plateau DEFINITION 10 Basalt tableland from Pangaea Highest in the west Rivers flow eastward to Bay of Bengal Eastern and Western Ghats (steps) descend from plateau to narrow coastal plain Central Indian PlateauChota Nagpur Plateau in EAST TERM 21 Sikhism DEFINITION 21 circa 1500 AD, following Islam's arrival Blend of Islamic and Hindu belief About 2 percent of population TERM 22 10th-Century Arrival DEFINITION 22 Overland into the Indus Valley (today's Pakistan) TERM 23 13-Century Establishment of Delhi Sultanate DEFINITION 23 Expansion over northern tier TERM 24 By Sea DEFINITION 24 Arrival at Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta (today's Bangladesh) TERM 25 16th-Century Mughal (Mogul) Empire DEFINITION 25 Centered in Afghanistan, ousted the Delhi Sultanate 16th and 17th centuries, Mughal Empire expanded Islam with tolerance to Hindus; built Taj Mahal TERM 26 Appeal of Islam DEFINITION 26 Hindu princes choose cooperation over annihilation by Islamic armies Welcome alternative for low-caste Hindus TERM 27 Decline of Islam DEFINITION 27 18th-Century Mughal Empire in decline Resurgence of Hindu religion Left India culturally and politically fragmented TERM 28 18th-Century East India Company DEFINITION 28 EIC represented the British Empire British controlled most of trade in South Asia and between South Asia and Southeast Asia "Indirect rule" took advantage of fragmentation - Local maharajas were left to rule but were forced to make trade concessions In 1857, "East India" officially became part of the British Colonial Empire TERM 29 Economic Restructuring DEFINITION 29 Export raw materials to European factories Import European manufactured goods - Decline of local industries and loss of markets TERM 30 Infrastructure Development DEFINITION 30 Extensive transport network Urban network TERM 31 Social Restructuring DEFINITION 31 New Elite of South Asians British India could not survive self-rule as a single political entity - Tensions between Hindu and Muslim interest TERM 32 Partition DEFINITION 32 Based on geography of Hindu and Muslim majorities Groups did co-exist in some areas New boundaries caused displacement New cultural and geo-political landscape Comparing before and after geographies: - Muslim exodus out of Hindu India - Hindu migration out of West and East Pakistan (Bangladesh) Refugee migrations: - "Forced" or "Voluntary"? TERM 33 Tenuous Relationship (India-Pakistan) DEFINITION 33 War in 1965 India supported East Pakistan's secession (1971) Conflict over Jammu and Kashmir Cold War: India toward USSR and Pakistan toward United States Arms race led to both becoming nuclear powers Muslims in India: world's largest cultural minority - Complicates geopolitics between the two countries and within India TERM 34 Forward Capital (Kashmir) DEFINITION 34 Islamabad's placement in the embattled interior as a claim to northern frontiers TERM 35 Kashmir and Partition DEFINITION 35 Maharaja was Hindu, ruled over mostly Muslims Decided not to join Pakistan: - Muslim uprising and India's intervention- Line of control became de facto boundary TERM 46 Dramatic Unevenness DEFINITION 46 Poverty: over half of people in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh live in poverty Benefits of economic growth are not spread around TERM 47 Delhi (New and Old) DEFINITION 47 Population growth in India's largest urban area: - 1970 = 4 million - 2014 = 24.8 million Fortuitous relative location - Narrow corridor for land routes across northern India Multicultural, multifunctional urban giant: - Seat of government and core area Expansion in all directions: - Fastest in the south TERM 48 Neoliberalism DEFINITION 48 Privatization or largely state-managed economies Support from IMF required such structural reforms TERM 49 Economic Growth DEFINITION 49 New Industries Led to new, urban middle class and consumer market Uneven as many are still impoverished rural TERM 50 The Significance of Agriculture DEFINITION 50 More than half of entire South Asian workforce: - Low productivity and economic contribution - Rural areas with lower incomes and standard of living Millions depend on harvest each year: - Influenced by topography and rains - Rice in wetter areas and wheat in drier areas Government need to create rural policy: - To increase agriculture productivity and standard of living TERM 51 Population Geography DEFINITION 51 Focuses on spatial demography Relative sizes of South Asia's area and population: - Two-fifths the size of East Asia and equally as populous - Sub-Saharan Africa is 5 times as large, with less than half of South Asia's population TERM 52 Population Density DEFINITION 52 Number of people per unit area TERM 53 Arithmetic Density DEFINITION 53 Number of people per area TERM 54 Physiological Density DEFINITION 54 Number of people per unit of arable (Agricultural) land:- More meaning measure for understanding the ability of a country to support its population size