Final Exam Study Guide: Biology and Chemistry, Exams of Health sciences

Download Final Exam Study Guide: Biology and Chemistry and more Exams Health sciences in PDF only on Docsity! Final exam study guide (all quiz and test questions/answers) Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics used to define living things? Regulation, Adaptation, Independent thought, Order - correct answersIndependent thought What type of cells can be found in organisms containing one single cell? - correct answers What is the correct order of the levels of organization of living things? - correct answersAtom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere What is the smallest level of organization of living things at which something can be considered "alive"? - correct answerscell You have decided to study the way in which fish interact with dirt and rocks in a particular pond. What are you studying? - correct answersecosystem When performing an experiment using the scientific method, which of the following should you do first? form a hypothesis, draw conclusions, make a prediction, ask a question? - correct answersask a question After learning about the scientific method, you decide to perform an experiment on your brother's pet hamster. When planning your experiment, what is important to remember? - correct answersyou must have a testable hypothesis Which part of the atom carries a positive charge and has a mass of 0? - correct answersNone What can you learn from the atomic number of an element? - correct answersnumber of protons Isotopes are different forms of the same element that differ in what way? - correct answersdifferent number of neutrons What are the 6 most abundant elements in living organisms? - correct answerscarbon, hydrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur What type of chemical bond occurs when two or more atoms share electrons? - correct answerscovalent bond What is the main function of the carbohydrates in living organisms? - correct answersprovide energy What is the simplest form of carbohydrates? - correct answersmonosaccharides The main difference between saturated and unsaturated fats, on a molecular level, is the amount of ____ attached to carbon molecules - correct answershydrogen (T/F) Unsaturated fat molecules do not stack together as tightly as saturated fat molecules - correct answerstrue (T/F) Trans fats share many of the same health benefits as unsaturated fats? - correct answersfalse (T/F) All cells are surrounded by three layers of phospholipids - correct answersfalse (T/F) Saturated fats are liquid at room temperature while unsaturated fats are solid at room temperature - correct answersfalse Which of the following structures is present only in the eukaryotic cells? ER, Plasma membrane, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm - correct answersER Which of the following is NOT part of the endomembrane system? Golgi, Peroxisomes, Nuclear envelope, Lysosome - correct answersPeroxisomes Which organelle is responsible for producing energy for living cells? - correct answersmitochondria Plant cells DO NOT contain which of the following structures? Chloroplast, Cell Wall, Plasma membrane, Lysosome - correct answersLysosome What is the function of the flagella in prokaryotic cells? - correct answerscell movement One of the main functions of the liver is to break down fatty acids and get rid of toxic substances inside the body. Which organelle helps liver cells perform these functions? - correct answersperoxisome (T/F) Rough ER has a "rough" texture because it is covered in ribosomes - correct answerstrue What structure stores water inside of plant cells? - correct answerscentral vacuole What type of cell junction allows small molecules to be passed from the cytoplasm of one animal cells to another? - correct answersgap junctions The squid light organ has structural and functional similarities to an eye, including the ability to detect light. Explain why it is important to the squid's survival to be able to detect light as well as emit - correct answersthe squid must be able to determine how bright the moonlight coming in from above is so that the amount of light emitted by the light organ matches it Mutualism is defined as a close, prolonged association of two or more species that is of benefit to all participants. Explain how the relationship between the bobtail squid and Vibrio fischeri is an example of mutualism. Defend your claim with evidence - correct answersit is a close and prolonged relationship. Once Vibrio bacteria enter the light organ, a population of Vibrio will be there for the lifetime of the squid. Both species benefit from this relationship. The bacteria housed in the light organ are protected and nourished. Counterillumination provided by the glowing bacteria benefits the squid. It makes the squid "invisible" to both predators and prey If no Vibrio fischeri are present in the environment, what is most likely to happen during the development of the bobtail squid - correct answersthe light organ does not completely develop The bobtail squid and Vibrio fischeri serve as model organisms for studying cellular communication. Provide at least two examples of communication either between squid and bacteria or within bacteria from the film - correct answerswithout the ability to communicate with Vibrio fischeri, the bobtail squid would not be able to select for this species of bacteria and direct it to the appropriate location in the light organ. In turn, the bacteria communicate with the cells of the light organ to signal its maturation. Another example of cellular communication would be quorum sensing within the bacterial population. The squid and bacteria provide an attractive system for studying cellular communication because in the light organ, only one species of bacteria interacts with the host Describe the experiment that proved the presence of Vibrio fischeri is required for the maturation of the light organ - correct answersscientists raised two sets of bobtail squid. Vibrio fischeri were present in the environment of one set of squid and absent from the environment of the other. Both sets of squid were healthy. But those raised in the absence of the bacteria did not form mature light organs. Those with the bacteria present in their environment did form mature light organs Joyce Poole is an expert in what? - correct answerselephant communication and behavior What happened in Mozambique between 1977 and 1992? How did this event affect the size of Gorongosa National Park's elephant population? - correct answersthere was a civil war, during which 90% of the elephants were killed What is unusual about the elephant population found in Gorongosa? - correct answersa high proportion of the female elephants are tuskless What are tusks? How does an elephant use its tusks? - correct answerstusk are elongated incisors (teeth) that continue to grow throughout an elephant's life. Elephants use their tusks to strip bark from trees or dig holes for water and minerals. Male elephants also use their tusks to fight other males for females What would probably happen to a male elephant that doesn't have tusks? - correct answershe could be severely wounded while fighting another male Is tusklessness in male elephants a rare or common trait? - correct answersrare What percentage of female elephants are typically tuskless in an elephant population less affected by poaching? - correct answers2-6% Is tusklessness an inherited or acquired trait? - correct answersinherited Do tuskless female elephants have tusked or tuskless offspring? - correct answerstuskless Why were elephants with tusks targeted during the civil war in Mozambique? - correct answersElephants were killed for ivory which was sold to buy arms and ammunition What percentage of female elephants were tuskless in Gorongosa according to Poole's surveys? - correct answersthe civil war survivors that were 20+ in age had a percentage of 50% and the offspring of the civil war survivors 10-20 years old had a percentage of 33% How many adult males without tusks have been found in Gorongosa National Park? - correct answersnone Is the link between heavy poaching and a high incidence of tuskless females unique to Gorongosa? What is the evidence? - correct answersno, high rates of poaching and tusklessness have also been seen in the Selous elephants in Southern Tanzania and in the Queen Elizabeth elephants in Uganda In what year did Darwin begin his journey? What was the name of the ship on which he traveled? - correct answers1831, Beagle In what year did Darwin arrive in the Galapagos Islands? - correct answers1835 What did Darwin learn about tortoises in the Galapagos Islands? - correct answerscould determine the island they came from based on their shell shape Round shells = wetter islands Peaked shells = drier islands (could reach higher plants) What scientist also analyzed all the samples Darwin collected in the Galapagos Islands? - correct answersRichard Owen Explain the concept of natural selection - correct answersonly the fittest survive. Animals have many offspring and the characteristics that allow those animals to survive the best are the ones that carry on to the next generation What did Darwin learn about finches in the Galapagos Islands? - correct answersfinches had different types of beaks based on the types of food that they ate Thin beaks = ate insects Thick beaks = ate nuts Developed as they inhabited new environment What other scientist also came up with the idea of natural selection? - correct answersAlfred Russel Wallace What is the name of the book written by Darwin explaining natural selection? In what year was written? What was the name of Darwin's publisher while writing the book? - correct answersThe Origin of Species by Natural Section, 1859, John Murray Describe the archaeopteryx. What two groups of animals does this organism seem to be a link between? - correct answersfeathers on wings and tail, claws on wings, jaw, bones in tail Link between reptiles and bird Name one other animal that appears to be a link between two groups of animals. Which two groups of animals does it link together? - correct answersplatypus - link between reptiles and mammals (lays eggs in a nest) What scientist built on Darwin's findings to later describe the Law of Inheritance? - correct answersMendel Law of dominance - correct answersin a heterozygous organism, one trait will hide the presence of another Localized infection - correct answersoccurs at one site on/in the body Systemic infection - correct answersspread throughout the body (via bloodstream) Focal infection - correct answersmicrobes break loose from a local infection and move to another site in the body Toxemia - correct answersmicrobes remain in one place but toxins move throughout the body