Final exam study guide - Final exam study guide | ENTO 3140, Study notes of Entomology

Download Final exam study guide - Final exam study guide | ENTO 3140 and more Study notes Entomology in PDF only on Docsity! Ento 3140 Final 11/8/11  Order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) o Huge order, 150K+ species o 2nd largest order o The name refers to the wings being covered in scales o Important ecologically and economically o The adults are pollinators (Adults are all nectar feeding) o Moths have learned how to feed on our clothes. o The majority of all larvae are plant feeders, they feed a lot too o The adults are quite uniform in their identity o The scales: the adults all have scaled wings, body and legs. Flattened and modified hairs. o Hugely ecologically important:  Adults- pollinators  Larvae- almost all are plant feeders= pests and produce silk= economically important o The sister group to Lepidoptera, trichoptera**on exam  The leps have evolved by just flattening out the hairs on their body’s  Also have silk producing labial gland instead of saliva o Scales:  Each scale is lattice work on the wing, the scale is separated into many different chambers  The scales are very intricately structured  Sulfer butterflies have scales similar to the scarab beetle and when under uv light, there are different patterns on their wings. This is due to these nano scales on their wings  If a butterfly gets stuck in a web, then it has a chance of escaping if it can get its legs free. It can lose some of its scales instead of getting stuck to the web (No scale regeneration, they can live with loosing some)  They are clear membranous wings that are covered with fine hairs modified as scales  Function of wing scales in Lepidoptera:  (Aposematic ) colors that are warning to predators that warn them to not eat them because they are poisonous. Example, the monarch butterfly, the caterpillars feed on the milkweed plant and hold the alkaloids over into the adult stage and then are poisonous. Warning colors  There are patterns on the wings used for mating (mate recognition)  There are also patterns on the wings, like eye spots that are used for scaring away predators (startle defense) ex. Peacock butterfly and luna moth eyespots  (Thermoregulation)- color, esp, dark color on wings can act as solar collectors. Angle wings perp to sun to maximize surface area irradiated  (Crypsis)- ex. Peppered moth o They have plain old sucking mouthparts:  They can coil it up under their head when not in use (proboscis)  They can extend it down into flowers when they want nectar  The straw is a modified maxilla  Vestigial mandibles  Proboscis—coiled, sucking feeding apparatus of adult Lepidoptera (modified maxillae)  The adults feed on carbohydrates, that’s what the nectar provides  Labium is unimportant  The labial palps are in front of the head, (big) they are involved in smelling and tasting the flowers. They are just very sensory filled (vestigial in feeding)  Maxilla is important, esp galea: Highly modified, paired tube structure (2 maxillae, each a ½) that coils and makes up proboscis  Galea is soft and fleshy part of maxillae body  The flowers that they feed on are only able to be fed on by the butterflys because the bees and others cant get down to the nectar because they have the wrong kind of mouthparts. o Wing Coupling in Lepidoptera: hindwings and forewings must be couples for their particular type of flight  Frenulum—stout bristles (1 in males, multiple in females) at anterior base of hind wing of most moths, used in wing coupling  Retinaculum—scales modified as hook at base of forewing of most moths, used in wing coupling o Hearing and bat avoidance in moths:  Moths tend to be nocturnal, while butterflies are diurnal  Face completely differente predators  Moths use ecolocation and screech out of our hearing range (ultra high requencies) to find prey  Most moths have tympanum (1 on each side of thorax). Use it to respond to and avoid bat preadators  Moth can process which tympanum is firing more sensory action potentials to see where the bat is (bats hunt with sound) o Smell in male moths are involved on their antennae.  Males have plumose antennae that are covered in hairs that are able to detect the pheromone chemical that the female exudes  The first leg appears to have evolved new chemosensory function in conjunction with loss of walking  Order Siphonatera (fleas) o Long beak for piercing to take meal (piercing/sucking mps) o Have front coxa that are elongated for jumping o Muscular femurs o The hind tibia are used for extreme jumping o Some species attack birds o They have a tough cuticle o Laterally flattened o They can go with out a blood meal for an extended period of time o Sensory structures reduced: tiny antennae, reduced or absent eyes o Adults are all external parasites o Serious vectors of human disease (plague) o Blood feeders, have piercing sucking mouthparts  They have 2 maxilla (stylette)  Have a food channel  The labial palp (sheath) surrounds all of them  Epipharynx ( 1 stylette form a piece of head capsule)  Cuticle bit from cranial capsule, modified and elongated o The larva  Have no legs  Feed on the adults poop o The host  It will find the nearest warm body and take a blood meal  The bubonic plague: the fleas would bite rats and spread it though the rats, and then if they couldn’t find a rat they would jump on a human and bite them and transfer it to them then 11/15/11  Class insecta, Subclass pterygota, infraclass neoptera, series endopterygota o Order Diptera (flies) o They are usually active during the day o They feed on carbohydrates: fluid feeders- visit flowers/honeydew to obtain carbs for flight o Many species are blood feeders on other insects, predators (mosquitoes, black flies, horse flies, etc) o Single pair of wings attached to 2nd thoracic segments o 2nd pair reduced/modified to halteres o Haltere : reduced hindwing of adult Diptera, modified as organ of balance (but not actually involved in flight) o Middle segment that holds wings is large, 1st and 3rd thoracic segments are reduced, which gives them a humpback like shape o Mouthparts are sucking but with many variations:  **Don’t have to memorize the different mouthparts, there is just too much information  Mosquitoes stab repeatedly until they find a capillary to take a blood meal from  Elongate tubular labium modification (fairly general in all) o Larvae: (maggots)  Detritivores and sometimes predators  Like moisture  Some aquatic or semi aquatic  Can find them associated within moist compounds of plants  Some species can attack humans  Some larvae live inside other insects as internal parasites  Have no heads  Atrium, invaginated 1st or 2nd head capsule rudiments  Don’t have mouthparts, have mouth hooks, don’t have normal mandible, maxillae, labium o Importance of order Diptera:  Some serve important ecological roles as scavengers/decomposers (larvae)  Some act as important pollinators (adults)  Some act as important agricultural pests (larvae) herbivores  Many are serious public health pests  Direct feeding damage—e.g., screw-worm fly larvae, horse fly adults  Vectors of disease pathogens—e.g., adult “filth flies,” horse flies, tsetse flies, black flies, mosquitoes  Family Tipulidae (crane fly) o Common and abundant as adults o Commonly found in wooded areas o High humidity and shade o Adults are medium sized o Look like large overgrown mosquitoes o Larvae are aquatic, large ugly: found in sediment of standing water, feed on decaying matter  Family Culicidae (mosquitoes) o Sexual dimorphism in the antennae. o Males have large plumos antennae and the females are more simple o The lavae are detritivores, they feed on the substance in the water o They feed on the larvae of other mosquito larvae?? o Wings have veins with very tiny scales o Females all blood feeders of other vertebrates- male styletts are somewhat vestigial o Both sexes will feed on nectar or honeydew o Scales on wing veins and margins o Antennae: female- long and simple male- large, plumose- have mechanoreceptors used to pick up sound beats (wings) of females o Larvae:  Typically detritivores, some predacous on other larvae  Larvae/pupa don’t have gills: have breathing tube at tip of abdomen  Aquatic  Anopheles don’t have breathing tube: have spiracular palte an lay sideways on water  Transmit some very serious human diseases 11/17/11  Family Ceratopogonidae (Biting midges, punkies, no-see-ums, sand gnats) o Tiny little flies that you can barely see o They have an intense bite though o They can get on the scalp o The larvae appear to be detritivores (human biting species larvae live in very moist, sandy soil) o Adults are blood feeders. External tempterate parasites o Typically found in warm areas o “their bite is our of all proportion to their size)  Family Tabanidae (horse flies, deer flies) o Larvae:  Aquatic, occur in nasty warm low O2 content water  Tidal pools, swamps and marshes o Adult females all blood feeders on mammals o Males are not blood feeders o Very bright eyes with strange patterns, often turquoise/greenish o Eyes meet in center of head on males, but not females  Family Asilidae (robber flies) o Quite large family o Common flies o All are predators, adult and immatures o Have very distinct morphology o Built for flying and feeding on the fly (capture prey on wing and eat it) o Abdomen is quite narrow and tapering (stream lined) o Legs are long and stout with long spines or hairs or legs, kind of stick out in front of animal o Use legs almost like a catching basket o Beard like appearance o Some are bumble bee mimics o Huge 2nd thoracic segment with large muscles to power wings  Family Muscidae (house fly, face flies, stable flies, horn flies, tsetse flies)  Cylindrical body with well developed head capsule, mandipbulate mouthparts, 3 thoracic legs, and abdominal prolegs.  Plant feeders; mostly external foliage feeders.  Often leaf rollers or leaf tiers (silk from modified labial gland).  Some social, with cooperatively constructed silk shelters.  Suborder Apocrita (“wasp-waisted” Hymenoptera)  Secondary form of tagmosis: added constriction between 1st and 2nd abdominal segments (propoedum is 1st abdominal segment fused to 3rd thoracic segment with thin pedicel between 1st and 2nd abdominal segments) Instead of between thorax and abdomen. Gives them “wasp-waist”  90 + %  Larvae:  No eyes, loss of thoracic and prolegs  Deposited within food source, no need for sensory features  Two Divisions: A: Division Parasitica B: Divison Aculeata A. Division Parasitica (parasitoid wasps)  Parasitioid: insect larva that consumes all or most of host insect tissues, eventually killing host  The mother lays her eggs on/in a host insect and the larvae feed on the insect and then eventually kill the insect in the end.  Superfamily Ichneumonidea (ichneumonid wasps and braconid wasps)  Large group  Not any common names  Adults are wasp like in appearance  Ovipositor in females is well developed, often extremely long - The ovipositor is a tool for depositing an egg in a particular circumstance. Usually on or in a host insect.  The mother can smell the odors of a fly pupae and then she sticks the ovipositor into it and they slide the egg down the ovipositor and into the pupae to develop. Larval host continues molting  They also use their long ovipositor to dig into the wood and bore down into the wood to find the beetles in the wood and deposit their eggs in the larvae in the wood  The ovipositor is derived from segments #..??  Superfamily Chalcidoidea (chalcid wasps)  Attack early immature stages  Ovipositor is well developed; used to deposit inside or even around the host.  Endoparasitoid develops inside the host and consumes from inside (most are endo)  Ectoparasitoid develops around the host and consumes from outside  Only 1 vein, losss of all other veination  Some powered flight, but greatly helped by wind B. Division Aculeata (Stinging Hymenoptera)  The ovipositor is modified into a stinger in many of the insects.  The females are the only ones who can sting because the males never had an ovipositor.  You typically will not see the stinger until she is ready to sting.  The egg falls out of a sting chamber, the egg just kind of rolls out and the workers place it where they want  Cant pass egg through ovipositer/stinger  Cuticle form segment 8 & 9 have become modified to rigid sting housing- all held inside sting chamber (ovipositer of other division just hangs out)  Oviduct opens into sting chamber now, not end of ovipositer  Have venom to cause pain or to paralyze  Venom sac and venom duct were originally accessory glands  Most acuelata are nesting insects  Nest: protected shelter constructed by an insect as a site to feed and rear its young (also serves as a resting/hiding place for adults)  Eusociality- most advanced form of social behavior in insects, features permanently sterile individuals (workers)  Family Sphecidae (ants, bees, wasps)  All are nesting, burrow in soil, hollowed out stems, etc  No eusoical memebers in Sphecidae, all slitary  Mom finds host, stings and paralyzes it, brins it badk to lay eggon. Offspring larva slowly consumes host. Mom continues bringing back multiple hosts  Mud dauber builds nest out of mud- relatively few make free standing nests  Generalized mandibulate mouth parts used to fashion materials into species specific nests  Family Vespidae (potter wasps, paper wasps, yellow jackets, hornets)  Most solitary, but some eusocial (i.e. paper wasp and hornets)  Fold wings longitudianly and make them look like thin slivers (paper wasps)  Eusocial species build free standing paper nests: chew wood and saliva makes paper like material  Yellow jackets make huge nests: typically located in cavities in the soil  Superfamily Apoidea (bees)  Eat pollen instead of prey to feed babies  Branched plumose hairs help collect pollen  Leaf cutter bees have scopa (dense mass of hair) under abdomen to pack pollen into  Most are solitary  Honeybees are eusocial though- workers cant mate  Family Formicidae (ants)  Composed exclusively of eusocial species  Adult sexuals have wings- look somewhat like wasps  Basal segment of antennae is very long  Antennae is elbowed  Between propoedum and rest of abdomen there are dorsal keels  Some queens fly off with workers hanging on her tarsi  Worker sub casts: major-> media-> minor-> minim  Nest: tropical tree canopies, galleries of excavated wood, soil, cavities, acorns  Predators, herbiovres, omnivores, fungus gardeners  Fungus gardening of leaf cutter ants: o Only found in new world tropics o Chew plants, mix with saliva and deficate to make fungi which they feed on  Weaver ants: o Only found in old world tropics (SE Asia) o Use silk to make silken nests in the canopies of trees o Makes huge colonies o Larva produce silk, but not adults o Only larvae of Hymenoptera to “work”. All Termite larvae work o In termites sterile casts can be male or female, in Hymenoptera it is only female.