Final Exam Study Guide - Introduction to Human Ecology | 374 101, Study notes of Social ecology

Download Final Exam Study Guide - Introduction to Human Ecology | 374 101 and more Study notes Social ecology in PDF only on Docsity! Rudel - Forrestry research in equador - Hot spots – very controversial - Under the right circumstances, it is the right thing to contest hot spots Dove - Forrestry - He questions convention in general - Writing against the helping idea/rainforest crunch thesis - Conventional wisdom is if you want to save places like the amazon you must help the traditional people living there - Dove disagrees with this and says we should be asking “what can we do to stop hurting you” instead of “how can we help you” - Larger outside political/economic will destroy the area, not the natives - Its not the people who live there, its us Shiva - Reforestation program in india that was supposed to be groundbreaking - Called social forestry - 1. To replant trees - 2. Tp benefit local people - Was a novel idea but it doesn’t work because the previous forest had a lot of biodiversity but the new forest did not so It did not meet the peoples’ needs - We don’t ask the people who are supposed to be the beneficiaries of this policies what they think they need or what they want 36. Deal reached to save California redwood forest – Clifford - Culmination of the film - Describes the deal settled in headwaters case - $480million dollars in exchange for 10,000 acres of the forest into public ownership and set strict new guidelines for protecting water quality and wildlife habitat on over 200,000 acres of surrounding forest - PL will be able to cut 180 million board-feet timber a year estimated by state officials but they say they think they will be able to cut 200 million under the agreement - Good? Worth it? - Pacific Lumber under Murphy – winners - Sustainable farming and forestry - Charles horowitz – Losers - -cut and run forestry trees are all cut down - -devastates ecosystem – mudslides - Govt conceded too much and allows for too much logging 37. A revisionist view for tropical deforestation and development – dove - Poverty theory of deforestation - Rainforest crunch thesis – if you buy this, it will raise incomes of the forest dwellers and forest becomes too valuable to be cut down - Why the author is critical of it 38. Social forestry for whom? - Reforestation in India to provide for basic human needs - Really need to take into account knowledge of the local people - Got different things from each species of tree - Planted eucalyptus – program failed - Useless to them 39. Organizing for sustainable development: conservation, organization, and the struggle to protect tropical rainforests in Esmeraldas, Ecuador - Rudel - Deforestation in Ecuador - Hot spots – rapid deforestation - Cold spots – deforestation less quick and under less pressure - Some environmentalists abandon rainforests because hot spots too hard to save - Author disagrees - Coordinate local people and get govt – coordinating unit - Not too far gone to abandon 40. Price of everything – power and rauber - Economic approach to environmental isses - Force market environmentalism - Pollution credits – cap and trade - Disincentive – must buy pollution credits - Incentive for cleaner industry 41. Putting a value on environmental quality – Dixon - Cost benefit analysis to aid in decision making - Weighs pros and cons of environmental issues with monetary amount attatched - Looks at good and bad of a project before its put in - Cannot measure environmental quality – clean air, clean water, ethics, etc - Should be used with other information gathered from the other principals of human ecology 42. Solution of mess? A milk jug for a green earth – rosenbloom In our water - Frank kaler - Must be more expensive for industry to pollute than not pollute – disincentive - How he ran into unpolicics - How he experienced the click Field notes from a catastrophe - Author gets research from scientists from arctic regions of the world - Decline in arctic sea ice, rapid melting of glaciers in Greenland, migration of butterflies from southern England to northern England, the extinction of the golden toad from costa rica, and the rising sea levels in the Netherlands flooding out coastal lands - Says all these events are interrelated because all are caused by the climate change. Says this may not be man made - The Netherlands stopped their practice of building dikes in order to stop flooding because without the dikes, the water has more room to flow, thus lessening the flooding by spreading it out. They have also begun building homes that float and also look to build floating roads and greenhouses Legacy of luna - one person making a difference - extreme measures - everyone has their symbolic tree to sit in Introduction to Human Ecology Review Sheet for Final Exam 11:374:101:01-12 Fall, 2010 Following is a bit about the key points of the articles in the last section. Also look at the film questions and book outlines and review what was discussed in recitation. Although the final examination is not cumulative, you should consider all we’ve done this semester and think about how materials in the last part of the course interrelate. The exam for the 2:30 lecture (Sections 1-6) is on Monday, December 20th at noon in Loree 022; the exam for the 4:10 lecture (Sections 7-12) is on Thursday, December 23trd at noon in Loree 022. Alternative arrangements may be made by mutual agreement. The exam will be similar in length and format to the first two and should not take three hours (although you can have three hours if you wish). Clifford: Deal is Reached to Save California Redwood Forest: Clifford’s article describes the deal that settled the Headwaters case seen in “The Last Stand”. What do you think of this deal? Who “won” and who “lost” among the parties – Hurwitz and Pacific Lumber, loggers, environmentalists, the redwoods and animal species, and the general public? Was it a fair compromise, or unfair to some? Dove: A Revisionist View of Tropical Deforestation and Development: Dove describes the “poverty theory” of tropical deforestation and the “rain-forest crunch thesis” that he criticizes in this piece. While he sees the benefits of this approach, he is also critical of it for “helping” tropical forest dwellers at the expense of masking the larger socio-economic forces at work. He outlines how he thinks this process works, and why it’s problematic. In turn, he suggests that larger forces create the deforestation that impoverishes rain-forest dwellers, not that their poverty creates deforestation (as the rain-forest crunch thesis assumes). He also discusses what he considers to be the “wrong” questions we ask and what “right” questions we should be asking. See what you make of his case, his suggestions, and how they relate to the Headwaters situation in its implications. Shiva, et al: Social Forestry for Whom?: The authors discuss a re-forestation program in India unique in that it wants to benefit both the natural environment and the people who live there. Although “social forestry” seems a good idea, in this case it fails. See what the authors blame for its failure and think about whether or not this sort of program could be improved or fixed, or whether it seems to you doomed to fail. Rudel: Organizing for Sustainable Development: Conservation Organizations and the Struggle to Protect Rain Forests in Esmeraldes, Ecuador: Rudel discusses the notion of “biological triage” and how many observers suggest abandoning rainforest “hot spots” – those that are being deforested quickly and facing overwhelming deforestation pressures – in favor of saving “cold spots” – those where deforestation is less extensive and under less pressure. He describes encompassing conservation organizations and approaches in relation to success in generating sustainable development, including both the introduction of new (appropriate) technologies and fostering change in line with existing social structures. He suggests that even “hot spots” may be saved sometimes. You can think about this article in relation to both Dove’s and to the Headwaters case. Power & Rauber: The Price of Everything:: The authors describe a trendy approach to environmental problems – e.g., in pollution – “free market environmentalism”. This approach claims to use the economic system to solve environmental problems via market mechanisms – creating pollution permits that can be bought, sold, traded, and retired. In theory, this accomplishes an environmental goal – capping a pollutant – without what some call “command and control” or “overregulation”. In practice, there are potential problems with this policy; see what the authors think of it and how you evaluate it. Dixon: Putting a Value on Environmental Quality: He discusses an older economics idea – benefit-cost analysis – and how it might be applied to environmental-economic clashes. Many environmental issues come down to economics vs. environment arguments; CBA is one approach to resolving them in a rational framework. Some say we already do this, just without this label. Many environmentalists see it as a biased framework that’s anti-environment. See what the author thinks and what you think. Also imagine if it were applied to cases such as Headwaters; how might it have turned out differently? Rosenbloom: Solution or Mess? A Milk Jug for a Green Earth: This article covers the re-design of the familiar gallon jug, the benefits of this new design, and the potential reluctance of consumers to adapt to it. See what lessons you draw from the author’s discussion. Wandersman & Hallman: Are People Acting Irrationally? Understanding Public Concerns About Environmental Threats: This article covers the perception of risk generally and public perception of risk in relation to cancer more specifically. It is important to make the distinction between “perceived” risk and “actual” or “real” risk, especially because environmental policy is often made on the basis of both, not just the latter. The authors discuss how understanding this distinction, and recognizing that public perceptions also influence policy must be considered in hopes of improving policy in the future. They suggest how psychologists in particular, but by extension human ecologists in general, can play a constructive role in helping policy address “real” risk to a greater extent and to make public perceptions of risk more in line with actual risk. Smith: Black Lung: The Social Production of Disease: That Smith talks about the social production of disease may seem odd to you at first, but patients and doctors sometimes “negotiate” diagnoses – e.g., in the 1950s, women who felt stifled in the “housewife” role often settled on such a vague diagnosis as “nerves” and were given “mother’s little helper” medications such as Valium. This also happens in society at large – such as the history of “black lung” in coal miners. Smith traces the history of this condition from when company doctors denied its existence to its eventual recognition as a real occupational health disease. This recognition was not, as you might suppose, simply due to medical and scientific advances – it was socially influenced by such factors as the rise of labor unions. This article can be related to Love Canal, in that the government never acknowledged physical health problems and evacuated residents due to “psychological distress. “In Our Water”, “Gulf War Syndrome”, and other situations involving cancer clusters attributed to pollutants also relate to this article. Morren: Multi-Party Responses to Environmental Problems: A Case of Contaminated Dairy Cattle: Morren describes the cattle case because how it played out was of interest in and of itself – how it was