Final Exam Study Guide | Principles of Biology Laboratory | BIOL 1021, Study notes of Biology

Download Final Exam Study Guide | Principles of Biology Laboratory | BIOL 1021 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Lab 1 • caffeine: increases heartbeat of Daphnia • ethanol: decreases heartbeat of Daphnia Lab 2 • Benedicts Test: sugars: orange/red • Iodine: starch (polysaccharides): dark blue • Biuret Test: proteins: violet • Brown paper: lipids: does not evaporate • vegetable oil: solubility of lipids: 1 layer • FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Lab 3 • celsius to fahrenheit: 5/9 (F-32) • fahrenheit to celsius: 9/5C + 32 • a compound scopeʼs final magnification: eyepiece magnification x objective magnification • a compound scopeʼs resolution: 0.61 x lambda(all divided by) the numerical aperture • divide the diameter of the field with the number of times the object will go aross • 32X: 4200 • 100X: 1400 • 400X: 350 Lab 4 • enzyme: a protein that regulates chemical reactions • also speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy • used in this lab: • enzyme: catechol oxidase (potatoe extract) • substrates: catechol & 1/2 O2 • products: benzoquinone & H2O • how temperature affects enzyme activity: if it was too hot or too cold it would not work. optimal at 60 • how pH affects enzyme activity: too basic or too acidic will not work; optimal at 6 Lab 5 • CELL IMAGES Lab 6 • effect of molecular weight on the rate of diffusion: the lighter the molecule the quicker it diffuses • the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion: increase in temperature means increase in rate of diffusion • osmosis is: the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane • diffusion is: the net movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration • H2O moves from hyPOtonic to hyPERtonic • Dialysis bags: if salt was outside and water inside the bags then it lost weight (water) & if salt was in the bags and water then the bags gained weight (water) • why salt plasmolyzed Elodea: it is the concentration or shrinking of the cell membrane of a plant cell in a hypertonic solution in response to the loss of water by osmosis Lab 7 • how measuring CO2 production relates to respiration and fermentation: the longer of time that lapses, the more CO2 that is produced through either fermentation or cellular respiration • aerobic respiration: oxygen must be present for this process to run to completion • fermentation: occurs in the absence of oxygen • heat of respiration represents: that during respiration heat is produced • why did plants have different amounts in CO2 in lights vs. dark: if there is no light then plants cannot complete the process of photosynthesis, therefore the plants with no light were blue rather than yellow Lab 8 • how chromatography works: depending upon what pigments are in the molecule, depends on how far they will migrate along the paper; the pigments we separated from the spinach leaf were: (in order from top to bottom) carotene, xanthophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b. • fluorescence and what causes it: when an electron falls to a lower level and releases energy in the form of a long-wavelength photon; a special molecule of chlorophyll a is excited by the light and its special electron is boosted to a higher energy level • what colors are useful for photosynthesis: RED blue yellow violet • what color is least useful for photosynthesis: green • difference between reflected and absorbed light: the colors you see are reflected, and the ones you do not see are absorbed • where starch is stored: in leaves wherever there is the most green in the plant • how light vs. dark affects starch storage: if a plant is in dark is must use up its stored starch and if its in the light it is storing more • how measuring O2 levels relates to photosynthesis: the more O2 that is released the more photosynthesis that is occurring Lab 9/10 • ALL STAGES OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS • WHAT STAGES LOOK LIKE ON CELL SLIDE • diploid: somatic cells with the full number of chromosomes • haploid: sex cells with half the number of chromosomes • MEIOSIS CHART Lab 11 • how electrophoresis works: separates proteins based on their size, isolectric point, and electrical charge (what we did) • sickle cell anemia is: has abnormal hemoglobin in their blood (has a valine instead of the glutamic acid a.k.a. change in the primary structure) and is more negative.