Final Exam Study Guide - Principles of Life | BIOL 1010, Study notes of Biology

Download Final Exam Study Guide - Principles of Life | BIOL 1010 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Biology 1010 Final Exam Study Guide  Genome – set of genes o Human Genome Project – massive scientific endeavor to determine the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the human genome and to identify the location and sequence of every gene  DNA fingerprinting – analysis of DNA samples to determine whether they come from the same individual  Genetically modified (GM) organisms – organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means o “transgenic” organisms - an recombinant organism that has a newly acquired gene from another organism typically from another species o “pharm” animals – transgenic animals all carrying a recombinant human gene serving as a grazing pharmaceutical factory o Humulin – human insulin produced by genetically modified bacteria  Recombinant DNA Technology – results when scientists combine nucleotide sequences (pieces of DNA) from two different sources – often from different species – to form a single DNA molecule o Biotechnology – the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products o Plasmids – small, circular DNA molecules that replicate (duplicate) separately from the much larger bacterial chromosome  Restriction enzymes – cutting tools used for making recombinant DNA o Used – to recognize a particular short DNA sequence  DNA/RNA “probes” (nucleic acid probe) – used to find a specific gene or other nucleotide sequence within a mass of DNA  Forensic science – the scientific analysis of evidence for crime science investigations and other legal proceedings o Genetic markers - sequences in the genome that vary from person to person; more likely to match between relatives than between unrelated individuals  Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – technique by which a specific segment of DNA can be targeted and copied quickly and precisely  Lamarck o Suggested that the best explanation for this relationship of fossils to current organisms is that life evolves o Explained evolution as the refinement of traits that equip organisms to perform successfully in their environment o Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics – by using or not using its body parts, an individual may develop certain traits that it passes on to its offspring  Cuvier o Uniformitarianism - same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now, have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe o Catatrophism - theory that the Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope  Darwin o Natural selection – process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals with other traits o Fitness – contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contribution of other individuals in the population  Comparative Anatomy – comparison of body structures in different species; certain anatomical similarities among species are signs of evolutionary history o Homology – similarity in structure due to common ancestry; forelimbs of diverse mammals known as homologous structures o Fossil record – ordered sequence of fossils as they appear in the rock layers, marking the passage of geologic time  Bottleneck – severe reduction in population size, causes pronounced drift; usually reduces the overall genetic variability in a population because at least some alleles are likely to be lost from the gene pool  Endangered species – become endangered because of bottleneck; have low genetic variability so less adaptable to environmental changes  Founder effect – type of genetic drift resulting from the establishment of small, new population whose gene pools differs from that of the parent population  Gene flow – population may gain or lose alleles when fertile individuals move into or out of the population or gametes (plant pollen) are transferred between populations; provides variation, generally considered to be beneficial to population  Gene pool – total collection of alleles in a population at any one time  Population – a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time  Hardy-Weinberg Analysis – state that will exist if there is no: mutation, infinitely large population, mating is random, and all individuals survive and produce equally o Equation: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1  Genetic Equilibrium – hypothetical state of population in which allele frequencies for a trait remain stable through generations  Microevolution – generation-to-generation change in a population’s frequencies of alleles on the smallest scale  Mutation – random changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA  Allopatric Speciation – initial block to gene flow is a geographic barrier that psychically isolates the splinter population; speciation in geographically isolated populations,