Anthropology & Archaeology: Pollen Analysis, Phytoliths, Ecotones, & Social Structures, Quizzes of Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Download Anthropology & Archaeology: Pollen Analysis, Phytoliths, Ecotones, & Social Structures and more Quizzes Introduction to Cultural Anthropology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Pollen analysis DEFINITION 1 Comes from plant's reproduction, pollen grains are unique to certain plants and that allows for comparison to determine what kinds of plants were present in certain time periods TERM 2 phytolith DEFINITION 2 grasses, they have cells that have this in them with unique shapes TERM 3 How do people decide where they want to live? DEFINITION 3 -access to water-close to food/good place to grow food- looking at soil types TERM 4 Ecotone DEFINITION 4 a region that is bounding 2 completely different types of environmental zonesgreat place for humans to live because a wide range of resources are available TERM 5 shoals DEFINITION 5 along a river where people want to live because there is more food because the river is shallow which allows more heat to absorb and grow more food TERM 6 zoo archaeology DEFINITION 6 animal bone determinationhave to have the actual bone to determine what kind of animal it is, and have a comparative bone selection TERM 7 Minimum number of individuals DEFINITION 7 how many of each animal is in the data set, then how much meat can be used from each animal, multiply the individuals by the amount of meat available and compare TERM 8 Arecheobotany DEFINITION 8 looking at plant food remains (dont preserve as well as animal bones)- most are preserved in a we4t bog, deserat and cave environments TERM 9 Harris lines DEFINITION 9 (growth arrest lines)bones grow from the center out. if you have a period in your life when you have poor nutrition or a disease your extension stops but the calcium does not stop increasing (calcium is determined by the Harris lines)-hunters and gatherers had not growth arrest lines-agriculture led to people being shorter because of worsening health TERM 10 seasonality DEFINITION 10 food availability changes throughout the year TERM 21 Robert Braidwood DEFINITION 21 conducted excavations in Jarmo, Iraq. Agriculture started in the Zagros Mountains which is in the Piedmont area. It started here at a small scale and was transferred and the scale was increased- Work continued and went to other piedmont areas around the world and they found that agriculture started in this area and then went down to the rivers and other places lower than the piedmont areas TERM 22 Carl Sauer DEFINITION 22 1952, gathered carbon dates and said that it wasn't a rapid change or the development of horticulture, it was a gradual change TERM 23 Kent Flannery DEFINITION 23 1960's, put together systems of how the transition from hunter and gatherer to agriculture took place: -humans need a broad diet - the seeds of natural grasses would drop and sprout yrs later - mutation of wheat that made the seeds firmly attached began the domestication of wheat so the amount of wheat in diet goes up (this occurred with all kinds of crops, not just wheat) TERM 24 Ester Boserup DEFINITION 24 opened our eyes that agriculture was not in our best interest- said we're a target for microorganisms TERM 25 Brian Hayden DEFINITION 25 -Came up with theory about how agriculture came to be- Published papers saying that all humans are partiers. agriculture started because they wanted to have a party/feast w/ an abundance of food. He said they didn't intend for it to become a lasting thing. TERM 26 Slash and burn/Swidden agriculture DEFINITION 26 how it worked: pick a piece of forest, let trees die and cut down and set fire to the part of the forest and all that organic material adds to the ground adding fertility, take a pointed stick, drop a seed in it and do it randomly all over the land, then leave and wait for rain. By the time the fifth year comes around without additional fertilizer, the crop yield is low so they would move on to another part of the forest and start over TERM 27 How agriculture put pressure to increase population: DEFINITION 27 1. allowed for cream of wheat for babies to eat which made the length of nursing shorter, alowing the mothers to get pregnant again. can have 2-3 more babies2. put more effort into protecting your land bc the more kids you have the more likely you will have a protected field3. there was pressure to have more kids and social organizations became necessary for the stability of the larger populations TERM 28 Order of how food was commercialized: DEFINITION 28 1. hunting and gathering2. small agriculture3. domestication of animals4. large agriculture TERM 29 paleo-indian period DEFINITION 29 (10,000 bc to 8500 bc)last ice age still in existence. came from siberia. oceans are 300 ft lower creating the land bridge-had megaphones (massive mammals in existence like sloths, mammoths, saber tooth tigers) TERM 30 Archaic period DEFINITION 30 band levelwhite tail deer, nuts plants: food-early: 8,000-6,000 bc. environment like now, small number of hunter and gatherers, did occupy whole state, trade of rocks, bands were in contact with each other-middle: 6-3, warmer than now (more plant food available) life as hunters and gatheres was easier, simple artifacts- late: temps back to ours now, lots of food, more use of resources from river, more exchange of early archaic TERM 31 woodland period DEFINITION 31 1000 bc to 1000 ad-Simple horticulture begins in GA and did not suddenly become dependent upon agriculture (slow adoption)- population starts increasing-slash and burn was the main way to do agriculture-the crops were native plants to GA, most of which we no longer cultivate, except: sunflower, squash, lamb quarter, and bird seed-hopewell archaeological sphere TERM 32 Hopewell archeological sphere DEFINITION 32 -massive trade in rocks that were molded into symbols like birds. everyone thinks that it was due to a relgionFIRST EVIDENCE OF CROSS CULTURE TERM 33 Mississippian Period DEFINITION 33 (1,000 Ad to historic period)-chiefdom societies-mounds (etowah)-agriculture changed (from bird seeds to corn and beans) -takes a lot of work bc not native there-1540, Desoto brought Spaniards (end of chiefdoms) because of disease they accidentally brought with them then brought small pox blankets to kill off natives TERM 34 Historian Period DEFINITION 34 -survivors from the fallen apart started congregating and living together (Columbus GA) and evolved to the Creek Indians. they accepted everyone for survival-20 to 30 ethnic groups in Historic period in GA-discovery of gold in GA led to force out oCherokee and Creek on trail of tears under Andrew Jackson TERM 35 exogamy DEFINITION 35 marriage outside of your family TERM 46 polyagoni DEFINITION 46 multiple females to one malemost common TERM 47 polyandry DEFINITION 47 multiple males to one female TERM 48 Levels of social organization DEFINITION 48 1. joint family: several generations living in the same household2. lineage: significantly larger group of people who are related and know who their common ancestor is3. clan: whole series of people who are related but dont know who their common ancestor is, just believe that they are. can't marry in clan4. phyratry: groups of related clans by marriage5. moiety: division of all the families and clans into 2 social groups. must marry w/ in moiety TERM 49 Lewis Henry Morgan DEFINITION 49 first person to discover there were different ways to think about family TERM 50 Morgan's 2 naming systems: DEFINITION 50 1. descriptive: using terms just from the nuclear family for people beyond the nuclear family2. system of classification: grouping people outside the nuclear family by certain terminology TERM 51 consanguine relative DEFINITION 51 blood relative TERM 52 affinal relative DEFINITION 52 by marriage relative TERM 53 lineal relative DEFINITION 53 mother, grandmother, great grandmother, etc. TERM 54 collateral relative DEFINITION 54 cousins, uncles, aunts TERM 55 George Murtoch DEFINITION 55 1949"Scientific Kinship Systems" divided into 6 different kinship systems TERM 56 Eskimo kinship DEFINITION 56 what we use, only 10 percent use this TERM 57 Iroquois kinship DEFINITION 57 incorporated cross and parallel cousins TERM 58 Crow kinship DEFINITION 58 Matrilineal: consanguine relatives are in the mother's familymost commonavunculate system: the male children are raised by their "uncle" because they do not have their father to teach them how to be male TERM 59 Omaha kinship DEFINITION 59 mirror image of the crow kinship system but it's patrilinneal, consanguine relatives are in the father's family-much more common in hunting and gathering societies because the males do not have to move to live with his wife when he gets married so he is able to learn how to be a hunter without interruption TERM 60 sudanese kinship DEFINITION 60 has all unique terms: has the max number of classifications, this pushed people away into their own categories TERM 71 9. Why is the omaha kinship system more common in hunting and gathering societies? DEFINITION 71 because it is a patrinlineal kinship system so the success of raising the male children to be hunters is better because they have a father to teach them starting when they are little TERM 72 10. what is magic? DEFINITION 72 an active attempt to influence the supernatural, this can be done through rituals, prayer, etc. TERM 73 11. What is the anthropological perspective? DEFINITION 73 control ethnocentric feelings and no culture is superior or inferior TERM 74 13. who proposed the idea that religion comes from dreams? DEFINITION 74 edward tyler TERM 75 14. who developed the 6 different types of kinship systems? DEFINITION 75 george murtoch TERM 76 15. in a crow kinship, what would you call your mother's brother's male child, if you were a male? DEFINITION 76 son TERM 77 12. what are the 3 reconstructing life pathways? DEFINITION 77 human to humanhuman to envhuman to supernatural TERM 78 16. What would they call you in situation of number 15? DEFINITION 78 father TERM 79 17. why did population increase when agriculture began? DEFINITION 79 birthing patterns changed, the women were able to become pregnant more often and there was incentive to have more children to protect your land TERM 80 18. T/F: the eskimo system makes up 40 percent of the world's kinship system DEFINITION 80 f: 10 percent TERM 81 19. t/f religion creates stability in society DEFINITION 81 t TERM 82 20. t/f monkeys and apes are the same thing DEFINITION 82 f TERM 83 21. t/f some cultures better than others DEFINITION 83 f TERM 84 22. t/f all languages can convey complex statements DEFINITION 84 t TERM 85 23. t/f racism is ethnocentric DEFINITION 85 t