Astronomy and Geology: Key Terms and Concepts in Earth and Space Sciences, Quizzes of Geology

Download Astronomy and Geology: Key Terms and Concepts in Earth and Space Sciences and more Quizzes Geology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 How old is the Earth? DEFINITION 1 4.57 billion years TERM 2 How old is the universe? DEFINITION 2 13 billion years TERM 3 How old is the sun? DEFINITION 3 10 billion years 5 billion years of energy left TERM 4 How is the moon moving? DEFINITION 4 Away from Earth at 1.5 inches per year TERM 5 What is a supernova? DEFINITION 5 When a star dies and explodes TERM 6 How hot was the universe 1/100th of a second after the big bang? DEFINITION 6 100x10^9 degrees TERM 7 What is a light year? DEFINITION 7 10 trillion km TERM 8 What is the speed of light? DEFINITION 8 300,000 km per second TERM 9 What are the 2 theories on how the universe was created? DEFINITION 9 Solar Nebula Planetary Formation TERM 10 E=mc^2 DEFINITION 10 Energy= mass x speed of light^2 TERM 21 What are the 5 points in space with no gravitational pull to anything? DEFINITION 21 Lagrange points SOHO satellite and Theia TERM 22 Origin of continents DEFINITION 22 Heat Mafic rock Felsic Rock Isostatic Sinking and Rising TERM 23 Density of layers DEFINITION 23 Continental crust= 2.7 g/cm^3 Oceanic crust = 3.0 g/cm^3 Mantle =4.5 g/cm^3 Core = 10.7 g/cm^3 TERM 24 What are greenstone belts? DEFINITION 24 Areas where 2 continental plates melt together TERM 25 What is magma? DEFINITION 25 Molten rock WITHIN the Earth TERM 26 What is lava? DEFINITION 26 Molten rock ABOVE ground TERM 27 Fluidity DEFINITION 27 Ability to flow low silica amount TERM 28 Viscosity DEFINITION 28 Resistance to flow high silica amount TERM 29 Fractional crystallization DEFINITION 29 Different minerals in magma cool at different temperatures TERM 30 How many major tectonic plates are there? DEFINITION 30 9 TERM 31 What are extremophiles? DEFINITION 31 Bacteria living in harsh conditions underground Most primitive organisms on Earth TERM 32 What are stramadalites? (cyamo bacteria) DEFINITION 32 First organisms to grow in colonies Oldest is 3.7 billion years old Only grow in water TERM 33 How long did it take for Pangaea to split? DEFINITION 33 5 million years TERM 34 What is liquefaction? DEFINITION 34 When an earthquake occurs on sand, the sand compacts and water floods the surface TERM 35 Volcanic glass DEFINITION 35 Pumice Full of air pockets Obsidian TERM 46 What is tephra? DEFINITION 46 Pyroplastic materals that cool and solidify from lava as they fly through the air TERM 47 What is vog? DEFINITION 47 Volcanic smog TERM 48 What are the shapes of volcanos? DEFINITION 48 Shield Cinder Strato Lava dome Continental caldera TERM 49 What are the 2 components that nearly all volcanoes have? DEFINITION 49 A mountain or hill A volcanic crater TERM 50 What is an effusive eruption? DEFINITION 50 A relatively quiet, non-explosive event that generally involves basaltic lava TERM 51 What is a central vent eruption? DEFINITION 51 Basaltic lava flows out as a spectacular red hot fountain in all directions from one main vent Forms shield volcanoes over time TERM 52 What is stress? DEFINITION 52 The force applied to a rock Lithostatic pressure -- Force that acts equally in all directions, pushing inwardly on the rock TERM 53 What is strain? DEFINITION 53 A rock's response to the stress its under If a rock is stressed enough, it will deform TERM 54 What is yield point? DEFINITION 54 The maximum stress a rock can withstand before becoming deformed permanently Elastic limit TERM 55 What is brittle failure? DEFINITION 55 Stress in areas of low pressure cause rocks to crack or rupture past yield point TERM 56 What is plastic (or ductile) deformation? DEFINITION 56 Irreversible change in shape that occurs without the rock breaking TERM 57 What is the top and bottom of a fold? (Respectively) DEFINITION 57 Anticline Sincline TERM 58 What is the focus? DEFINITION 58 The precise underground location at which an earthquake occurs TERM 59 What is the epicenter? DEFINITION 59 The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus TERM 60 What is seismology? DEFINITION 60 The study of earthquakes