International Relations and Economic Development: A Glossary of Key Terms, Quizzes of Geopolitics

Download International Relations and Economic Development: A Glossary of Key Terms and more Quizzes Geopolitics in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Sanctions DEFINITION 1 limits or prohibitions on trade, investment, or aid in order to get a country to change its policies Examples: UN called for economic sanctions against South Africa during apartheid Grain sales against USSR UN sanctions against Iraq for invasion of Kuwait TERM 2 Boutros Boutros-Ghali DEFINITION 2 Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Arabic: , Coptic: ) (born 14 November, 1922) is an Egyptian diplomat who was the sixth Secretary- General of the United Nations (UN) from January 1992 to December 1996. "An Agenda for Peace" Criticized for lack of reaction to genocide in Rwanda Yugoslavia TERM 3 Governance DEFINITION 3 Governance is the activity of governing. TERM 4 An Agenda For Development DEFINITION 4 1) Peace 2) Economy 3) Environment 4) Justice 5) Democracy TERM 5 Keynes DEFINITION 5 John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, CB (; 5 June 1883- 21 April 1946) was a British economist whose ideas have profoundly affected modern macroeconomics and social liberalism, both in theory and practice. TERM 6 Economic Consequences of the Peace DEFINITION 6 The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) is a book published by John Maynard Keynes. Confirmed isolationist policies Swayed public opinion against League of Nations TERM 7 Monnet DEFINITION 7 The Monnet plan was proposed by French civil servant Jean Monnet after the end of World War II. "Father of the European Union" European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) TERM 8 functionalism DEFINITION 8 Functionalism is a theory of international relations that arose during the inter-War period principally from the strong concern about the obsolescence of the State as a form of social organization. States interact in ways that benefit the economy TERM 9 Bretton Woods institutions DEFINITION 9 The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states in the mid 20th century. 1) GATT 2) International Monetary Fund (IMF) 3) World Bank TERM 10 GATT DEFINITION 10 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (typically abbreviated GATT) was negotiated during the UN Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). TERM 21 Sources of International Law DEFINITION 21 treaties customs general principles (principles fundamental to domestic legals systems of virtually all states) rulings of World Court TERM 22 International Court of Justice DEFINITION 22 The International Court of Justice (; commonly referred to as the World Court or ICJ) is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. aka World Court TERM 23 soft law DEFINITION 23 The term "soft law" refers to quasi-legal instruments which do not have any legally binding force, or whose binding force is somewhat "weaker" than the binding force of traditional states sign on to acknowledge a problem but don't promise to make hard law e.g. Universal Declaration of Human Rights TERM 24 jurisdiction DEFINITION 24 Jurisdiction (from the Latin ius, iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak") is the practical authority granted to a formally constituted legal body or to a political leader to deal with and make pronouncements on legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility. TERM 25 piracy DEFINITION 25 Piracy is a war-like act committed by private parties (not affiliated with any government) that engage in acts of robbery and/or criminal violence at sea. e.g. Somalian pirates and their subsequent trials TERM 26 disease & security DEFINITION 26 Examples of how disease could effect national security: balance of power bioweapons eroding military readiness TERM 27 common threat DEFINITION 27 crimes that across the board threats to nations TERM 28 World Health Organization DEFINITION 28 The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. TERM 29 complex multilateralism DEFINITION 29 states get together to work on problems TERM 30 sovereignty as equality & responsibility DEFINITION 30 all states must protect shared resources TERM 31 International Commission of the River Oder Case DEFINITION 31 every state equal use of river can't ruin it for others TERM 32 Trail Smelter Arbitration DEFINITION 32 international legal standards for environment state owes to protect states against injurious acts within jurisdiction TERM 33 Silent Spring DEFINITION 33 Silent Spring is a book written by Rachel Carson and published by Houghton Mifflin in September 1962. The book is widely credited with helping launch the environmental movement. DDT is bad malaria TERM 34 Tragedy of the Commons DEFINITION 34 The tragedy of the commons refers to a dilemma described in an influential article by that name written by Garrett Hardin and first published in the journal Science in 1968. The article describes a situation in which multiple individuals, acting independently, and solely and rationally consulting their own self-interest, will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long-term interest for this to happen. TERM 35 sustainable development DEFINITION 35 Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations. TERM 46 IDP DEFINITION 46 internally displaced person TERM 47 Guiding Principles DEFINITION 47 "Doctrine for Peacemaking" TERM 48 stateless DEFINITION 48 person whose nationality's government does not recognize them as a citizen, or does not give them the same benefits as citizens TERM 49 1954 Convention DEFINITION 49 de jure status of stateless people TERM 50 Goodwin-Gill : refugess and human rights DEFINITION 50 1) Every state has duty to protect everyone in its jurisdiction. 2) Every state obliged to make sure its laws adopted within its sovereignty are compatible with international law. 3) Bound to fulfill legal obligations in good faith. TERM 51 Cohen -- IDPs DEFINITION 51 Responsibility to protect TERM 52 human rights DEFINITION 52 Human rights are "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled." Proponents of the concept usually assert that all humans are endowed with certain entitlements merely by reason of being human. TERM 53 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Generation (From UDHR) DEFINITION 53 1st Generation: Political and Civil Rights (ICPCR) 2nd Generation: Econ. and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) e.g. right to shelter, education, food, to work, etc. social rights 3rd Generation: Post-WWII; Group rights self-determination, clean environment rights, etc. associated with decolonization TERM 54 ILO DEFINITION 54 The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that deals with labour issues. TERM 55 Universal Declaration of Human Rights DEFINITION 55 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris. Eleanor Roosevelt soft law TERM 56 Nuremberg War Crimes Trials DEFINITION 56 The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the main victorious Allied forces of World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany. TERM 57 ICCPR DEFINITION 57 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 16, 1966, and in force from March 23, 1976. It commits its parties to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial. TERM 58 ICESCR DEFINITION 58 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 16, 1966, and in force from January 3, 1976. It commits its parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to individuals, including labour rights and rights to health, education, and an adequate standard of living. TERM 59 Torture Convention DEFINITION 59 The United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment is an international human rights instrument, under the review of the United Nations, that aims to prevent torture around the world. 1994 TERM 60 Genocide Convention DEFINITION 60 The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1948 as General Assembly Resolution 260. The Convention came into effect in January 1951. It defines genocide in legal terms, and is the culmination of years of campaigning by lawyer Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term by reference to the Simele massacre, the Holocaust, and the Armenian Genocide.