Middle East Conflicts: Black September, Camp David II, and Peace Accord, Quizzes of History of Middle East

Download Middle East Conflicts: Black September, Camp David II, and Peace Accord and more Quizzes History of Middle East in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 King Hussein DEFINITION 1 - King of Jordan from 1952, until his death 1999- Claimed to be adescendentof Muhammad, Hashemite Dynasty- Though he could achieve a peaceful resolution to the Israel problem. Wanted peace in the Middle East. Recognized Israel in '94- Improved living condition for all Jordanians during his reign- 6-day war, Jordan lost the West Bank and East Jerusalem and saw its military crushed.- Hussein ousted the PLO by force in 1970, Black September- Went to Egypts aid with the Arab defense pact, close friend of Saddam Hussein TERM 2 Black September DEFINITION 2 -Jordanian Civil War that began in September 1970-1971.- Palestinians, PLO under Yasser Arafat and the Trans-Jordanians, Jordanian Armed Forces under King Hussein.- Jordan won the war. The PLO and Palestinian refugees fled to Lebanon.- resulted in retaliation from Palestinian groups like aircraft hijackings and Syria giving aid to Palestinian Guerrilla fighters.-7 point plan was enacted and the Palestinians did not hold up to their end, violating laws, so King Hussein took action against them in 1970.-Sept 1st aircraft hijacking by Palestinian forces, 2 weeks later Jordanian forces attack them. TERM 3 Second Iraq War DEFINITION 3 The first was an invasion ofBa'athist Iraqstarting on 20 March 2003 by an invasion force led by theUnited States- US pulled out in 2011. - No WMD's were ever found, but were highly suspected at the beginning of the war. - Saddams regime was overthrown and new elections were held in 2005 resulting in the formation of a Shi'a Gov. - Insurgency war - UN resolution 687 UN arms inspectors inside Iraq and all Chemical, biological, nuclear and long range missiles programs be halted and any that were made be destroyed.- Action to take against Saddam as he was also committing genocide and suppressing his own people.-Advance US influence in the region-was retaliation for the actions Iraq had taken in the passed. TERM 4 Camp David II DEFINITION 4 -The Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David of July 2000 took place between United States President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat. It was an unsuccessful attempt tonegotiatea final status settlement to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.- Continuenegotiationson the Middle East peace process. - Palestinians considered the summit premature and a trap.- Ended on 25th July with no agreement reached- Issues were, Territory, Jerusalem and the Temple Mount, Palestinian Refugees and their right to return to their homeland, Security arrangements and Settlements- Both sides blamed each other for the talks stalling, Palestinians wanted more land, and Israeli thinking they couldnt give more TERM 5 Yitzhak Rabin DEFINITION 5 -Was an Israeli politician, and general. 5th PM of Israel, 2 terms, 1974-77 and 1992 - assassination in 1995.-Assassinated by right- wing Israeli radical Yigal Amir, why? Opposed to Oslo accord.- Sinai Interim Agreement 1975, between Egypt and Israel, that declared the problems solved by peace, not military action. This was important to the steps taken at the the Camp David Accords of 1978. Leading to an Israel-Egyptian peace treaty in 1979-Rabin played a key role in the Oslo Accords, which created the Palestinian National Authority. TERM 6 Israel-PLO Peace Accord/Oslo I Accord DEFINITION 6 - An attempt in 1993 to set up a foundation that would lead to the resolution of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. First agreement face-to-face with the gov of Israel and the PLO.-Conducted secretly in Oslo, Norway.-Publiclysigned in 1993 in Washington, DC.-The accords provided for the creation of a Palestinian interim self-government called the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), they were responsible for the administration of the their territory they made the Israel Defense Force (IDF) withdraw from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.-The accords were to last for 5 years and then a more permanent accord would be discussed. -The two groups signed Letters of Mutual Recognition - the Israeli gov recognized the PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and the PLO recognized the right for Israel to Exist and renounce terrorism. TERM 7 Taba/Oslo II Accord DEFINITION 7 - Complex agreement governing several aspects of the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip and West Bank.- Signed in Taba (in the Sinai Pen, Egypt) by Israel and the PLO on Sept 24th, 1995.- Neither side will take any step to change the status of the West Bank and the Gaza strip, pending the outcome of the Permanent Statusnegotiations.-Acknowledging the roots of earlier diplomatic efforts of the UN Security Council Resolution 242 and Res 338- Allowed for the election of a Palestinian government Council. TERM 8 Hafez al-Assad DEFINITION 8 -Was a Syrian statesman, and general who served as President of Syria from 1971 to 2000.-He served as Secretary General of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party from 1970 to 2000.- Ideologies of Arab nationalism, Arab socialism and secularism. - Syria saw and increased stability with a program ofsecularizationand industrialisation designed to modernise and strengthen the country.-Sided with the US in the Gulf war-Wanted talks with Israel but was adamant about getting the Golan Heights back TERM 9 Saddam Hussein DEFINITION 9 -28 April 1937- 30 December 2006-Fifth President of Iraq,-Serving from1979 until 2003.-An important member of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party-Saddam played a key role within the 1968 July Revolution that brought the Ba'ath party to power within Iraq.- Saddam had a Sunni government power established.-Suppressed the Kurdish and Shi'ite people.-Brutal dictator-1990 Kuwait invasion, claiming Kuwaiti Revolutionaries. He though Kuwait was Iraqs 19th province. TERM 10 First Iraq War/Gulf War DEFINITION 10 -(1990 -1991), codenamed Operation Desert Storm-Was a war waged by an U.N. Coalition force of 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.-Iraq accused Kuwait of exceeding OPEC quotas for oil- Jeddah talks, for Kuwait to pay 10 bil to cover cost from oil. Kuwait counter- offered and Iraq invaded.- Within 12 hours, Iraq had most of Kuwait in its control, in 2 days they had full control.-UN security council, passed Res 660 condemning the invasion, and called for Iraq to withdraw.- Res 661 placed economic sanctions on Iraq- Res 665 authorized a naval blockade to enforce Res 661- US held to a "no negotiations until Iraq left Kuwait" policy- Res 687 gave Iraq a deadline for withdraw, they did not follow the deadline. Invasion started. TERM 21 Iran-Iraq War DEFINITION 21 -AKA The First Persian Gulf War-1980-1988-War began when Iraq invaded Iran via simultaneous invasions by air and land in 1980.- Happened because of long standingborder disputes, and was motivated by fears that theIranian Revolutionof 1979 would inspire an uprising of insurgency among Iraq's long- suppressedShi'amajority-War ended with the UN Res 598, UN ceasefire. TERM 22 Ba'ath Party DEFINITION 22 -An Arab Socialist party founded in Syria in 1947-Used 'Ba'athism'which is an ideology mixingArab nationalist,pan- Arabism,Arab socialistandanti-imperialinterests.-The party calls for a unification of theArab worldinto a single state.-Its motto, "Unity, Liberty, Socialism", refers to Arab freedoms from non-Arab control TERM 23 Suez Crisis DEFINITION 23 -2nd Arab-Israeli War.-Was a military confrontation in late 1956 between Egypt vs Britain & France & Israel on the other-The aims of the attack were primarily to regain Western control of the canal and to remove Nasser from power in Egypt.-The attack stemmed from the President of EgyptNasser's decision in 1956 tonationalizetheSuez Canal,after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of theAswan Dam. TERM 24 West Bank DEFINITION 24 -A landlocked territory in Western Asia.-Mostly Palestinian Arabs living in this area.-A PLO territory and has long been disputed.-TheUnited Nationspassed theUN General Assembly Res 181, which aimed to establish two states within Mandate Palestine-The interim boundary between Israel and Jordan's West Bank was defined in the1949 Armistice Agreements TERM 25 UN Resolution 242 DEFINITION 25 -Was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council in 1967, stemming from the aftermath of the Six-Day War. -The resolution deals with five key principles1) Withdrawal of Israeli forces from occupied territories from the SixDay War2) Peace within secure and recognized boundaries3) Freedom of navigation4) A just settlement of the refugee problem5) Security measures including demilitarized zones TERM 26 Six-Day War DEFINITION 26 -Third Arab-Israeli War-Was fought in 1967, between Israel vs Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. -Started when Israel launched a surprise bombing raid against Egyptian air fields.-Israel had won a decisive land war.-Israeli forces had taken control of theGaza Stripand theSinai Peninsula awayfrom Egypt-TheWest BankandEast Jerusalemfrom Jordan-And theGolan Heightsfrom Syria. TERM 27 Baghdad Pact DEFINITION 27 -1955 and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)-This was a defensive organization for promoting shared political, military and economic goals founded in 1955 by Turkey, Iraq, Great Britain, Pakistan and Iran.-The main purpose of the Baghdad Pact was to prevent communist influence in the Middle East and to foster peace.-U.S. promises of military and economic aid were key in the negotiations leading to this agreement-Renamed the Central Treaty Organization or CENTO, in 1959 after Iraq pulled out of the pact. TERM 28 Yom Kippur War DEFINITION 28 -1973-The Fourth Arab-Israeli War-Was a war fought by the Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel from October 6 to 25 in 1973.-The war began when Egypt and Syria launched a joint surprise attack on Israeli positions in theIsraeli-occupied territorieson the holy day ofYom Kippur-Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to attempt to take back theSinai PeninsulaandGolan Heights territories