Neurophysiology and Sensory Systems: An Overview, Quizzes of Biology

Download Neurophysiology and Sensory Systems: An Overview and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Molecules DEFINITION 1 assembly of atoms4 major physiological ones: Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids TERM 2 Cells DEFINITION 2 basic unit of lifeuses energyhas metabolismremoves waste TERM 3 Tissues DEFINITION 3 collection of similar cells with the same local functionterm generally uses loosely, ex."lung tissue" TERM 4 Negative feedback DEFINITION 4 basis of homeostasisvery commonEx. Blood press,sweating, ion concentrations, muscle reflexes*Event X causes a change from state set point , Y causes a return to set point TERM 5 Positive feedback DEFINITION 5 rare but importantno return to original set point (state change)ex. Child Birth, blood clot (scab)*Event X causes a change to a new set point TERM 6 Ribosomes DEFINITION 6 combinations of protein and RNAFree ribosomes make proteins for use in cytosolfew or no modifications after productionchaperones help protien folding TERM 7 Golgi Apparatus DEFINITION 7 series of flattened membrane tubes made by smooth ERReceives vesicles from SERsite of protein modificationdirects vesicles with new protein to specific organelles or the cell membranedocking protiens on vesicles and destination membrane ensure proper delivery TERM 8 Protein Modification DEFINITION 8 Protein in Golgi Apparatus have amino acids removed or modifiedsugars are added to proteins and modifiedproteins only work in specific shapemost proteins naturally fold into their appropriate shapechaperones ensure that proteins fold properly TERM 9 Exocytosis DEFINITION 9 Vessicles from Golgi Apparatus with export proteins merge with membrane and dump contentsIncrease intracellular Ca++ triggers exocytosisATP IS NEEDED for merge of vesicle& membrane TERM 10 Peroxisomes DEFINITION 10 Liver is loaded with themResponsible for metabolismThey're protectiveAdd number of electronscontains anti- oxidantsdestroys oxygen radicalsAntioxidants binds 2 radicals to make it positive TERM 21 Enzymes DEFINITION 21 Catalyze reaction A--> Bsome activated by receptors, some always activate TERM 22 Tight Junctions DEFINITION 22 20nm gap between all cells usuallyblock movement between cellscreate tissue sidednessIN SKIN, INTESTINES, AND KIDNEYSallows selective transport, molecules must go through cells TERM 23 Desmosomes DEFINITION 23 Present when there is high stresscellular rivets- so strong nothing can cause them to rip aparthold moving skin together: skin, heart TERM 24 Hydrophobicity DEFINITION 24 fats and gasses cross easilyfluidity allows 8 micron RBC's to deform through 7 micron capillariesenhances oxygen transport TERM 25 Saturation DEFINITION 25 There are only so many molecules, puts a limitation on transportlimited number of carriers in each cellwhen all carriers are being used, the rate will be at a maximum TERM 26 Active transport DEFINITION 26 low concentration to highUse ATP for energy to move iOS against their concentration gradienthigh affinity side to low affinity sidecreates the ion gradients across cell membranes TERM 27 Na-K ATPase DEFINITION 27 moves sodium out of cells, moves K+ inK+ is high inside cells, Na+ is high outside cellscreates gradients that allow electrical signaling TERM 28 Secondary Active Transport DEFINITION 28 Carrier has 2 binding sites: agonist and Na+Energy of the Na+ gradient drives SATCotransport( Na+ in) or counter transport(Na+ out)Na+ transports some glucose and amino acids in this way TERM 29 Resting Membrane Potential DEFINITION 29 separated charges form a layer along plasma membranevoltage across cell membrane when the cell is not activateddetermined by open ion channelsK+ dominates at rest (most open channels)some Na+ contribution (few open channels) TERM 30 Equilibrium potential DEFINITION 30 limits on K+ and Na+what voltage balances chemical gradient +60 -70 -90All Na+ most K+ All K+ few Na+ TERM 31 K+ diffusion at rest DEFINITION 31 at rest, K+ channels are open, K+ diffuses outIntracelllular protien, A-, is trapped in the cellNa+ channels are mostly closed, little Na+ diffusion TERM 32 Depolarization of membrane DEFINITION 32 decrease in potentials;membrane LESS NEGATIVE (-70 --> - 60)caused by K+ channels closing, Na+ channels openingMP moves toward Na+ equilibrium potential TERM 33 Hyper polarization of membrane DEFINITION 33 increase in potentialmembrane MORE NEGATIVE (-70 --> - 80)caused by K+ channels opening, Na+ channels closingMP moves toward K+ equilibrium potential TERM 34 Graded potentials DEFINITION 34 triggered by agonists or by physical forcesize proportional to the size of the stimulusspreads to adjacent areas but decays rapidly over timecan only cary a signal over short distancesin neurons and muscles, GP needed to reach threshold of action potentials. TERM 35 Voltage gated channels DEFINITION 35 will open when membrane reaches particular voltageusually ~ +15-20 mV above resting potentialall V-gated channels open together causing action potentialenter inactivated state soon after opening, making refractory period TERM 46 Spatial Summation DEFINITION 46 EPSPs from different neurons are additiveThe sum of these may reach thresholdsome neurons receive synapses from loads of other neuronsTWO SEPERATE NEURONS - TWO NEURONS TERM 47 Paracrines DEFINITION 47 Local hormonesreleased from one cell, affects nearby cellsNitric Oxide- Important in control of hormones TERM 48 Second Messengers DEFINITION 48 made at membraneInternal activation mechanism started by hydrophilic hormoneonly cells with receptors respond TERM 49 cAMP DEFINITION 49 Kinase cascades amplify signalsactivate kinases and add phosphate to molecules TERM 50 Calcium DEFINITION 50 released from internal sarcoplasmic reticulum by IP3binds to and alters protein activity TERM 51 G protiens DEFINITION 51 Timing protiensRegulate vesicle movement, cytoskeleton, growth, vision, 2nd messengers TERM 52 Interneurons DEFINITION 52 In the CNS- more than 99% of all neuronsPerform all the neural functions of the CNS: thinking, emotions, memory, ect. TERM 53 Glial Cells DEFINITION 53 non-neural support cells in the CNScapable of mitosishave cancer potential TERM 54 Microglia DEFINITION 54 Immunity cells in the CNS TERM 55 Ependymal cells DEFINITION 55 line the brains ventricles and secrete CSF TERM 56 Nutrition DEFINITION 56 brain needs a constant supply of glucose and oxygen to survive TERM 57 Plasticity DEFINITION 57 ability to make new synapses between existing neuronsarea grows larger TERM 58 Wernikes area DEFINITION 58 in temporal lobecomprehension of auditory/visual information TERM 59 Brocas area DEFINITION 59 in frontal lobespeech formation TERM 60 Thalamus DEFINITION 60 receives sensory input from the opposite sidedirects and edits input to cerebral cortexautism may be due to thalamic editing TERM 71 Phasic receptors DEFINITION 71 adapt over time-rate is variablenot in thalamus- receptor level TERM 72 Tonic receptors DEFINITION 72 smell in thalamusvirtually do not adapt TERM 73 Slow pain DEFINITION 73 slow unmyelinated afferentssubstance P NTdiffuse, dull, long lasting TERM 74 Substance P DEFINITION 74 presence subjected before discoveryNT unique to afferent, slow pain neurons TERM 75 Taste Buds DEFINITION 75 Tight junctions keep saliva and bacteria away from rest of taste buds TERM 76 Olfactory Receptors DEFINITION 76 primary tonicmost adaption in CNScan overcome adaptionadaption to once cell doesn't effect others TERM 77 Cornea DEFINITION 77 light passes through, not refracted TERM 78 Aqueous humor DEFINITION 78 glaucoma: decrease drainage or excess production --> increase pressure and retinal damage TERM 79 Choroid DEFINITION 79 absorbs lightno reflectionno signal TERM 80 ganglion cells DEFINITION 80 reach threshold and fire APs that leave eye for CNS TERM 81 Presbyopia DEFINITION 81 lens gradually hardens over decadesdifficulty focusing on near objects TERM 82 Rhodopsin DEFINITION 82 visual pigment in rod cellscombination of opsin and retinenelight hits retinine and partially splits it from opsinsystem changed membrane potential- releases NT14/sec TERM 83 Ear Bones DEFINITION 83 hammer-anvil- stirrupcarry waves from tympanic membrane to oval window TERM 84 eustachian tube DEFINITION 84 drains middle ear of fluidequilizes air pressure between middle ear and sinusesnormally closed, if unopenable, tubes needed TERM 85 Basilar membrane DEFINITION 85 gets thicker as you agevibrates to sound waves- shape change over lengthhigh frequency at baselow frequency at apex TERM 96 Sarcomere DEFINITION 96 unit of contraction, z line to z linethin filaments anchored to z linesthick filaments connect the thin filaments during contractionwhat one does, they all do TERM 97 Thin filaments DEFINITION 97 Actin Polymer backboneTropomyosin- long thin protein polymer runs along actinTroponin- binds to tropomyosin TERM 98 Thick filaments DEFINITION 98 Myosin Polymer of filamentous proteinextension of myosin in cross bridgecross bridge head can bind to actin and generate force TERM 99 T-tubules/ Sarcoplasmic Reticulum DEFINITION 99 SR develops from ER, stores Ca++T-Ts carry APs into muscle fiber interiorAP from T-T open Ca++ channels in SR TERM 100 Tropomyosin Shift DEFINITION 100 Ca++ bound troponin causes tropomyosin shift into actin grooveexposes AM binding site TERM 101 Force generation DEFINITION 101 ADP-Pi released --> myosin shape changes- head twists leading to force developmentno filament slidingno change in overlapPi release is key to force development TERM 102 Filament Sliding DEFINITION 102 decrease force of cross bridge headgoes to lowest energy statenew ATP binds to myosin, actin is released, process repeats TERM 103 Twitch DEFINITION 103 single muscle activation1 neural AP--> 1 muscle AP--> 1 twitchnot enough Ca++ TERM 104 Tetanus DEFINITION 104 summation of twitchesmany APsEnough Ca++ to reach all actin TERM 105 Length Tension Relation DEFINITION 105 LO- muscle length at which maximum force occursresting skeletal muscle length is near LO TERM 106 Falloff at long Lengths DEFINITION 106 reduced overlap of thick and thin filaments TERM 107 falloff of short lengths DEFINITION 107 thick filament compressions against z-linethin filaments overlap and interfere w/ each otherreduced Ca++ release TERM 108 Stretched Muscles DEFINITION 108 Uses top of L-T curvebetter force maintenance TERM 109 Phosphocreatine DEFINITION 109 Balance of supply and wastesupports 20 sec of full activityPi inhibits myosin ATPase TERM 110 Red Fibers DEFINITION 110 slow oxidativehigh energy capacitylow energy use - no fatiguehigh mitochondrial levelsslow myosinex. Walking TERM 121 Neural Effects of Visceral SM DEFINITION 121 parasymp: release ACH, cause contractionsymp: release NE, causes relaxation TERM 122 Intercalated disks DEFINITION 122 In heartstrong connections between cellsdesmosomes for strengthgap junctions for electrical activation speed TERM 123 Atria DEFINITION 123 site of normal heartbeat initiation TERM 124 SA Node DEFINITION 124 in right atriumstarts APfastest depolarizer to thresholdno stable baseline membrane potential TERM 125 AV node DEFINITION 125 electrical connection from atria to ventriclesDelays AP spreadallows ventricular filling to be completed TERM 126 Ventricular Muscle DEFINITION 126 Apex cells activated first by purkinje fiberscontraction spreads upward forcing blood into aorta and pulmonary arteryno pacemaker activity TERM 127 Pacemaker Cells DEFINITION 127 autorhythmicno stable baseline potentialSA and AV nodes TERM 128 P wave DEFINITION 128 Atrial depolarization in heartstart of atrial contraction TERM 129 Diastole DEFINITION 129 relaxed time for filling TERM 130 Aortic Pressure DEFINITION 130 high BP puts greater load on heart--> heart attack risk TERM 131 Cardiac Output DEFINITION 131 amount of blood pumped/min TERM 132 Starlings Law DEFINITION 132 stroke volume controlstronger contraction--> more SV--> more COmore actin myosin interactions TERM 133 Vessel Radius DEFINITION 133 most important variable factorsmall constriction = decrease flowsmall dilation = increase flow TERM 134 viscosity DEFINITION 134 thickness of bloodcontrolled by hematocrit (% RBCs 45-male, 42-female)above 48% RBC interaction w/ arteriole walls greatly increases resistance TERM 135 Atherosclerosis DEFINITION 135 I: fatty streakII: cellular overgrowthIII: calcification TERM 146 Platelet Plug DEFINITION 146 exposure of collagen --> platelet sticking--> ADP positive feedbackprostacyclin blocks platelet adherence TERM 147 Coagulation DEFINITION 147 blood clotting - 2 systemsforms mesh that traps RBC TERM 148 Intrinsic Coagulation System DEFINITION 148 inside plasmacollagen activatedcascade needs Ca++ and all factors in pathways TERM 149 Extrinsic Coagulation system DEFINITION 149 Thromboplastin from damaged tissue starts cascademerges w/ IS halfway down TERM 150 Clot removal DEFINITION 150 plasminogen trapped in clot--> cascade started by collagen-- > plasminPLASMIN is an enzyme that slowly dissolves clot over ~2 weeks TERM 151 Neutrophils DEFINITION 151 rapid response- move from blood to damaged tissuediapedesis- squeeze through capillary pores attack bacteria TERM 152 Basophils DEFINITION 152 histamine causes inflammationincreases blood flow (arteriole dilation)increases pore size ( allows diapedesis) TERM 153 Compliment System DEFINITION 153 series of 9 plasma factors C1-9major bacteria killer TERM 154 Interferon DEFINITION 154 Cytokine- released from virus infected cellsactivate viral defenses in cells near virus infected cells TERM 155 Plasma Cells DEFINITION 155 antibody factories- make antibodies to antigen that boundhigh ER for antibody production, loses other organelleslimited lifetime~1 week TERM 156 Memory Cells DEFINITION 156 Both B and T cellsa few have very long lifeprovide immunity from antigens TERM 157 Memory cells Primary Responses DEFINITION 157 slow, short and weakactivate B and T cells TERM 158 Memory Cells Secondary Response DEFINITION 158 Fast, strong, and longmassive response upon second exposure TERM 159 Antibody Functions DEFINITION 159 Activate compliment system to kill bacterialabels cell for ingestion by phagocytesactivate natural killer calls TERM 160 Helper T Cells DEFINITION 160 release cytokines that activate all B and T lymphocytes TERM 171 Anatomical Dead Space DEFINITION 171 Total volume of all structures ~150mLnormal tidal volume- 500 mL350mL normal alveolar inflation TERM 172 Partial Pressure DEFINITION 172 Gas equivalent to concentration TERM 173 Oxygen-Hemoglobin Binding DEFINITION 173 Sigmoidial curve- cooperatively between 4 hb subunits TERM 174 Carbon Monoxide DEFINITION 174 shifts hb-O2 curve to the left, less O2 delivery TERM 175 Hypercapnia DEFINITION 175 high CO2 - increase breathing rateincrease CO2 in blood strongest stimulus for increased respiration TERM 176 Medullary Control Centers DEFINITION 176 Initiates normal breathing- only inspirationVentral respiratory group causes increase in inspiration and expiration TERM 177 Emphysema DEFINITION 177 cigarette smoke, coal tar are most common causescauses to eat themself TERM 178 Cystic Fibrosis DEFINITION 178 decreased Cl- channel activityLoss of airway Na+ and water- mucus sticky and digestive enzymes TERM 179 Nephron DEFINITION 179 functional unit of the kidneyhas vascular system & tubular systemall but cells and proteins in blood can be filteredmost reabsorbed TERM 180 Inulin DEFINITION 180 used to measure globular filtration rate TERM 181 Sodium Reabsorption DEFINITION 181 controls reabsorption of many other moleculesonly on basolateral side of tubular cellstight junctions prevent flow in spaces between cellsATP needed to create Na+ gradient TERM 182 Cotransport DEFINITION 182 water follows osmotically at proximal tubule TERM 183 Glucose reabsoption DEFINITION 183 Binds to carrier with Na+ on lumenal sidenon Na+ glucose carrier proteins move G into interstitial space TERM 184 Production of Angiotensin II DEFINITION 184 RENIN converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin IACE converts AI to AIIACE is in the walls of the lung capillaries TERM 185 Effects of Ang II DEFINITION 185 powerful vasoconstrictorincrease BPcauses release of aldosterone TERM 196 Hypertonicity DEFINITION 196 cells shrinkdehydration, low intake, excess loss, diabetes TERM 197 Vasopressin DEFINITION 197 controls osmolarity of urineadds aquaporins to CD to increase H2O reabsorption TERM 198 Osmoreceptors DEFINITION 198 in hypothalamuscontrol Vasopressin release TERM 199 Acidosis Effects DEFINITION 199 depresses the neurons, especially in CNScardiac and neural problems TERM 200 Buffers DEFINITION 200 work by binding H+removes H+ from solution and pHfirst line of H+ defense TERM 201 Metabolic Acidosis DEFINITION 201 most common acid base disordersevere diarrhea, loss of bicarbonatekidney failure, can't excrete H+ TERM 202 Metabolic Alkalosis DEFINITION 202 decrease in H+ for non- respiratory reasonsvommiting losing H+ in vomitusexcess bicarbonate ingestion TERM 203 Endothelial Factors Cardiovascular regulation DEFINITION 203 Paracrinesaffect VSM TERM 204 Nitric Oxide DEFINITION 204 relaxes VSMincreased blood flow TERM 205 Baroreceptors DEFINITION 205 stretch receptors in carotid sinus and aortic archchanges in BP alter activity TERM 206 Input to Medulla DEFINITION 206 baroreceptors send neurons to medulla in brainstem TERM 207 Hypertension DEFINITION 207 chronic elevated BPseveral small changes cause large increase in BP TERM 208 Cardiac Effects DEFINITION 208 increased oxygen use- heart attack when coronaries constrictincrease in systolic pressure increases stroke risk TERM 209 Diuretics DEFINITION 209 increase Na+ excretion, lowers blood volume, decreases BP TERM 210 Lactose intolerance DEFINITION 210 sugar in milkno lactase prosuced- no digestionbacteria uses lactose as food source--> gas/ diarrhea TERM 221 H Pylori Bacteria DEFINITION 221 live in gastric pitsmore than 50% of ulcers are caused from it TERM 222 Enzymatic secretions of pancreas DEFINITION 222 proteases released in protected formlipase and amylase released in active formpancreas has trypsin inhibitor for protection TERM 223 Liver DEFINITION 223 releases bile into the duodenum to emulsify fats1000s of metabolic reactionsmakes plasma proteins TERM 224 Bilirubin Metabolism DEFINITION 224 formed by heme of lysed RBCs- fat solublereleased to liver cellsmost to bile--> fecesprovides color for both urine and feces TERM 225 Gall Bladder Function DEFINITION 225 stores bile between meals when sphincter of oddi is closed TERM 226 Villi DEFINITION 226 folds of SI wall tissuescrypts of lieberkuhn at base TERM 227 Microvilli DEFINITION 227 folds of cell membranein lumen of small intestine TERM 228 Diarrhea DEFINITION 228 common cause: SI motility> absorptionloss of water and K+dehydration leads to shocktravel TERM 229 Gastroileal reflex DEFINITION 229 food in stomach causes relaxation of cecum and allows ileum to emptygastrin relaxes ileocecal valve TERM 230 Bacteria DEFINITION 230 e coli and other types - appear soon after birthbacteria acquire nutrients from colon mucosamay provide vitamins and amino acids--> good TERM 231 Defecation DEFINITION 231 Gastrin triggers colonic contraction--> mass movement into rectum --> increases pressure--> reflex relaxation of internal anal sphinctervoluntary control of external anal sphincter