Terms and Definitions in Political Science and Public Administration, Quizzes of Introduction to Public Administration

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TERM 1 Neutral Competence DEFINITION 1 Kaufman's Doctrines of Administrationnot letting politics get involved as a bureaucrat;you want to do your job well but your job should also be insulated from political inference TERM 2 Executive Leadership DEFINITION 2 Kaufman's Doctrines of Administrationstrategic direction provide by the top officials of an organization;like top-down budgeting TERM 3 Representativeness DEFINITION 3 Kaufman's Doctrines of Administrationthe degree to which the employees of a government agency, or of the government overall, reflect the demographic makeup of the society they serve TERM 4 representative bureaucracy DEFINITION 4 a form of representation that captures most or all aspects of society's population in the governing body of the state;a theory that when people serve in the bureaucracy, they represent different backgrounds and different experiences, and they bring those with them to their job TERM 5 passive representation DEFINITION 5 the extent that different demographic characteristics actually match the public;demographic characteristics that I have that passively represent someone or a group of people TERM 6 active representation DEFINITION 6 intentional efforts of individual bureaucrats to influence policy decision in favor of a group TERM 7 inter-agency DEFINITION 7 2 or more agencies;a perspective that exists between agencies TERM 8 intra-agency DEFINITION 8 within the same agency;how the agency is functioning internally TERM 9 subjective DEFINITION 9 based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions;the problem is perceived but it may not be real TERM 10 objective DEFINITION 10 not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering representing facts;an understanding that a problem has a realistic component to it TERM 21 extrinsic rewards DEFINITION 21 external rewards TERM 22 intrinsic rewards DEFINITION 22 a desire to serve;an attraction to policy making TERM 23 Rational DEFINITION 23 Public Service Motivesparticipation in the process of policy formulation and an understanding that people have preferences that help inform action;examples- program commitment, advocacy TERM 24 Norm-Based DEFINITION 24 Public Service Motivesa desire to serve the public interest;loyalty to duty and to the government as a whole;making decisions based on the norms around us;actions that are generated through motivation to conform to societal norms;examples- nationalism, patriotism TERM 25 Affective DEFINITION 25 Public Service Motivescommitment to a program from a genuine conviction about its societal importance;examples- appealing to emotions and behavior on the job, reinforcing how important their work is, service-oriented TERM 26 mission comprehension ambiguity DEFINITION 26 the level of "interpretive leeway" that an organization's mission allows in comprehending, explaining, and communicating the organizational mission TERM 27 directive goal ambiguity DEFINITION 27 the amount of interpretive leeway available in translating an organization's mission or general goals into directives and guidelines for specific actions to be taken to accomplish the mission TERM 28 evaluative goal ambiguity DEFINITION 28 the level of interpretive leeway that an organization's mission allows in evaluating the progress toward the achievement of the mission TERM 29 priority goal ambiguity DEFINITION 29 the level of interpretive leeway that an organization's mission allows in indicating priorities among multiple goals or goal-equivalents TERM 30 public management DEFINITION 30 using management tools to maximize efficiency, effectiveness, and economy in the public sector TERM 31 privatization DEFINITION 31 utilizing private sector resources to perform government tasks to achieve efficiency and effectiveness; Ronald Reagan TERM 32 New Public Management (NPM) DEFINITION 32 the idea that what works in the private sector should also be useful in the public sector TERM 33 NPM in detail DEFINITION 33 1. Attempts to slow down or reverse government growth2. The shift toward privatization and quasi-privatization3. The development of automation4. The development of a more international agenda TERM 34 downsizing DEFINITION 34 enforced from the outside in by "angry citizens" and seeks lower government expenditures; Bill Clinton TERM 35 National Performance Review (NPR) DEFINITION 35 an inter-agency task force to review governmental agencies;the Clinton-Gore Administration's initiative to reform the way Federal government works; goal was to create a government that "works better and costs less" TERM 46 Legitimate DEFINITION 46 Form of Powerauthority (statute, law, or social norm) that defines a position and sets a standard of obedience in that position;a teacher TERM 47 Informational DEFINITION 47 Form of Powerknowing information and being able to utilize it;grounded in what can be known and what can easily be given away;an explanation of how a task should be performed (i.e. logic model) TERM 48 Coercive DEFINITION 48 Form of Powermaking some type of threat with a negative (not always negative) consequence TERM 49 Ecological DEFINITION 49 Form of Powercontrol over your physical environment and other resources;things you can physically control;indirect control over people TERM 50 Reward DEFINITION 50 Form of Poweroffering positive incentives (i.e. money, approval) TERM 51 Expert DEFINITION 51 Form of Powerhaving superior knowledge and insight that may or may not involve having information;recognizes people who are experts in something;Friedrich TERM 52 Referent DEFINITION 52 Form of Powersomeone who is greatly admired (not situational);impacts how you respond to the person in power TERM 53 signing statement DEFINITION 53 this is issued after a bill is passed that contains the administration's interpretation of the law and how it will be enforced;has a significant effect on what will come later;EXECUTIVE BRANCH TERM 54 executive privilege DEFINITION 54 the claim by the president that communication with aides is protected from outside scrutiny, including investigation by Congress;the privilege of withholding informational power from the public;EXECUTIVE BRANCH TERM 55 administrative confidentiality DEFINITION 55 privacy protections afforded by government to individuals and organizations;restrictions of access to internal records collected by governmental organizations;EXECUTIVE BRANCH TERM 56 oversight DEFINITION 56 the review of behavior of individuals within organizations, and organizations themselves, by those with authority over them;in PA, this term is most commonly used to refer to that review of administrative acts by legislatures;LEGISLATIVE BRANCH TERM 57 fire alarm DEFINITION 57 Type of Oversightdepends on whistle-blowing that is a reaction to the problem after the fact TERM 58 police patrol DEFINITION 58 Type of Oversighta more proactive, constant monitoring strategy that monitors during the fact TERM 59 authorizing committees DEFINITION 59 initiates, reviews, and reports on bills and resolutions that include the creation of agencies and the laws that authorize government programs;LEGISLATIVE BRANCH TERM 60 appropriations committees DEFINITION 60 standing committees that manage the annual appropriations process (deciding who gets the money);LEGISLATIVE BRANCH TERM 71 tacit knowledge DEFINITION 71 knowledge that is embedded in the senses, individual perceptions, physical experiences, intuition, and rules of thumb;it is very difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down or verbalizing it TERM 72 civil servant DEFINITION 72 bureaucrat / public administrator TERM 73 Hatch Act of 1939 DEFINITION 73 federal legislation passed in 1939 restricting political activity by government employees;also called "An Act to Prevent Pernicious Political Activities" TERM 74 human capital management DEFINITION 74 managers are trying to link their strategy to increase human capital by tying it to the mission, values, goals, and objectives making it possible for organizations to adapt what their work force is doing TERM 75 human resource planning DEFINITION 75 explicitly identifying who the customers of the agency are (someone outside, or someone new within the agency), creating plans, devising a strategy, and then managing in order to do it TERM 76 Office of Personnel Management (OPM) DEFINITION 76 an independent agency that manages the civil services, assuring federal agencies operate their human management resources programs properly;fairness, efficiency, objectivity, merit; TERM 77 Senior Executive Service (SES) DEFINITION 77 a position classification in the U.S. government that focuses on transforming government;usually work under the appointed agency head as a liaison;possess skills like flag officers & admirals in the military that oversee every department in a respective agency in order to form vision, motivate others, or keep effort, hard work, and integrity high. TERM 78 policy window DEFINITION 78 whenever we are making decisions and setting an agenda to make change, often change won't happen until there is a unique number of elements that come together to make it happen;politics, policy, and problems must line up TERM 79 decision making DEFINITION 79 making choices in rational ways to solve complex problems;a cognitive process that results in an actionable choice TERM 80 (public) values DEFINITION 80 aspects of behavior that we as society deem acceptable TERM 81 information DEFINITION 81 something that informs or answers a question of some kind;people want to acquire this TERM 82 knowledge DEFINITION 82 familiarity, awareness, and the understanding of something TERM 83 learning DEFINITION 83 the process through which knowledge is obtained TERM 84 Single Loop learning DEFINITION 84 RESULTS & CONSEQUENCES (what we obtain)toACTION STRATEGIES & TECHNIQUES (what we do);problem solving TERM 85 Double Loop learning DEFINITION 85 RESULTS & CONSEQUENCES (what we obtain)toACTION STRATEGIES & TECHNIQUES (what we do)toGOVERNING VARIABLES (why we do what we do): goals, values, beliefs, conceptual frameworks;more than problem solving, it re- evaluates and re-frames goals, values, etc. TERM 96 policy issue area DEFINITION 96 the actual area of issue itself;where we are zoning in on;where the actual policy space is taking place;SMALL TERM 97 Bounded Rationality DEFINITION 97 the idea that, in the decision making process, an individual's rationality is limited by the information they have or they experiences that have had;procedurally (limits to how we actually make our decisions), substantive (inexperience, values), satisficing TERM 98 Sense-making DEFINITION 98 rationalizing a problem / making sense of it;if we do not sense-make then we may or may not produce a good product;an ongoing retrospective development TERM 99 Descriptive DEFINITION 99 Type of Sense-makinglist and analyze elements of the problem TERM 100 Conceptual DEFINITION 100 Type of Sense-makinghow the problem is characterized TERM 101 Prospective DEFINITION 101 Type of Sense-makingbeing future oriented TERM 102 policy implementation DEFINITION 102 putting policy goals into action TERM 103 forward mapping DEFINITION 103 managers decide on goals and then define the responsibilities of those at each step in the implementation process, with the result that implementers cannot control important factors that affect the process;top-down TERM 104 backward mapping DEFINITION 104 a strategy of improving implementation that begins with the objectives to be achieved and then charting the steps required to reach those objectives;bottom-up TERM 105 Pooled DEFINITION 105 Type of Interdependencemore than one person trying to help one target;problems: lack of uniformity & coordination TERM 106 Sequential DEFINITION 106 Type of Interdependencedelay or breakdown at one point will affect the operations of the subsequent units in the chain of implementation;problems: what we are trying to do (intentions) get lost & inevitable delay going down the line TERM 107 Reciprocal DEFINITION 107 Type of Interdependenceagencies must adjust mutually to coordinate with each other, and all the difficulties of coordination enumerated earlier come to the table;forces agencies to take on these problems plus the added burden of collective bargaining;problems: extreme difficulties when bargaining for solution, intentions get lost, lack of uniformity, lack of coordination, inevitable delay TERM 108 top-down (administrative) DEFINITION 108 where you see policy designers as central actors concentrating their focus on the agency at the MACRO level;looking at the big picture for feasibility helps you deliver a product that is strong TERM 109 bottom-up (political) DEFINITION 109 emphasizing the target groups and the deliverers on a MICRO level basis TERM 110 responsiveness DEFINITION 110 [of the government to citizens as clients and customers]the speed and accuracy with which the service provider responds