Terms and Definitions in Psychology and Neuroscience, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Terms and Definitions in Psychology and Neuroscience and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Wilhelm Wundt DEFINITION 1 wanted to discover the mental processes called structuralism and did this by focusing on identifying the structures of the mind TERM 2 Gestalt psychology DEFINITION 2 opposed to structuralism, the whole is different from its parts TERM 3 Psychoanalysis DEFINITION 3 led by sigmund freud, focused on etiology, development, and treatment of abnormal behavior TERM 4 Behaviorism DEFINITION 4 by john watson, psychology was redefined as the scientific study of observable behavior (how behaviors are learned and modified) TERM 5 Hindsight bias DEFINITION 5 Tendency of people to exaggerate how well they could have predicted the outcome of an event after it has happened already TERM 6 Common Sense DEFINITION 6 There is common sense explanations for any conclusion and its opposite Based on private, careless observation Students will only call findings that are unexpected to be scientific because the others are common sense Common sense can be contradictory Our Common sense can be and is often valid TERM 7 Theory DEFINITION 7 an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations TERM 8 Hypothesis DEFINITION 8 a testable prediction implied by a theory TERM 9 Operational definition DEFINITION 9 turn a conceptual variable into a variable that can be measured or manipulated (conceptual variable is a hypothetical factor that cannot be measured) TERM 10 IV DEFINITION 10 variable that is manipulated by experimenter (the I-change it variable) TERM 21 Parts of Neurons DEFINITION 21 Debbie Call Andrew Tonight TERM 22 Somatic Nervous System DEFINITION 22 Enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle TERM 23 Autonomic Nervous System DEFINITION 23 Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Controls our glands and the muscles of our internal organs TERM 24 Sympathetic DEFINITION 24 expands energy, accelerates heart rate, raises blood pressure, release of stress hormones, etc TERM 25 Parasympathetic DEFINITION 25 conserves energy, decelerates heart rate, lowers blood pressure, etc TERM 26 Reticular Formation DEFINITION 26 filters incoming stimuli and relays information to other areas of the brain controls arousal are you paying attention TERM 27 Thalamus DEFINITION 27 receives info (except small and routes it to higher brain regions ROUTER TERM 28 Cerebellum DEFINITION 28 little brain coordinates balance and movement (voluntary) & learning motor skills TERM 29 Hippocampus DEFINITION 29 acquisition of memories (Patient HM) TERM 30 Amygdala DEFINITION 30 o regulates fear and aggression Fighting Fucking Feeding Fleeing TERM 31 Hypothalamus DEFINITION 31 maintenance- eating, drinking reproduction TERM 32 Sensory Cortex DEFINITION 32 receives information from skin surface and senses organs TERM 33 Motor Cortex DEFINITION 33 the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements TERM 34 What do twin and adoption studies demonstrate? DEFINITION 34 Intelligence is mostly due to genes, most like biological parents Values and beliefs is mostly due to environment, most like adopted parents TERM 35 Evolutionary Psychology Misunderstandings DEFINITION 35 Evolution does not mean genetic determinism Does not mean our behavior cannot be changed Believe our tendencies are shaped by evolution TERM 46 Assimilation DEFINITION 46 an individual's incorporation or new information into existing knowledge TERM 47 Accommodation DEFINITION 47 the process of adjusting schemas to new information TERM 48 Attachment DEFINITION 48 Attachment to mother is more because of comfort than nourishment (monkey study with wire mother) TERM 49 Secure DEFINITION 49 o will explore freely- upset when caregiver leaves and calm upon return TERM 50 Insecure DEFINITION 50 o barely explores, upset when parent leaves and still made when they returned TERM 51 Avoidant DEFINITION 51 o caregiver leave and they arent upset, ignores them upon return TERM 52 High road DEFINITION 52 conscious and slower TERM 53 Low road DEFINITION 53 unconscious, automatic, and faster TERM 54 Blindsight DEFINITION 54 cannot see at all, but can tell where the stimulus is at TERM 55 Selective Attention and Accidents DEFINITION 55 A mental spotlight that focuses consciousness, while other things around you are ignored Driving while on the phone is very dangerous because selective attention is on your conversation and not the road TERM 56 Awake but relaxed DEFINITION 56 regular alpha waves, eyes closed but remains awake TERM 57 NREM1 DEFINITION 57 transition from alpha to theta waves, light sleep with hallucinations, muscles are active TERM 58 NREM2 DEFINITION 58 theta waves, sleep spindles, harder to awaken, conscious awareness of environment disappears TERM 59 NREM3 DEFINITION 59 deep sleep, slow delta waves, night terrors and sleepwalking TERM 60 Why do we sleep? DEFINITION 60 Protection, recuperation, consolidation of memories TERM 71 Pupil DEFINITION 71 light passes through TERM 72 Iris DEFINITION 72 colored muscle, opens pupil TERM 73 Lens DEFINITION 73 focuses light on retina through accommodation TERM 74 Outer Ear DEFINITION 74 funnels information into eardrum TERM 75 Middle ear DEFINITION 75 amplifies and relay the vibrations through the oval window into the cochlea TERM 76 Cochlea DEFINITION 76 fluid pressure changes and causes the basilar membrane to ripple and bend the hair cells on the surface TERM 77 Neutral Stimulus NS DEFINITION 77 has no response before conditioning (ex: bell) TERM 78 Unconditioned Stimulus DEFINITION 78 stimulus that produces automatic response without conditioning (ex: food) TERM 79 Unconditioned Response DEFINITION 79 automatic response to stimulus without conditioning (ex: drool) TERM 80 Conditioned Stimulus DEFINITION 80 stimulus paired with the US (ex: bell + food) TERM 81 Conditioned Response DEFINITION 81 learned response to a CS-US pairing (ex: drool) TERM 82 Acquisition DEFINITION 82 when the NS starts to become the CS TERM 83 Extinction DEFINITION 83 weakened reaction for US without the US TERM 84 Spontaneous Recovery DEFINITION 84 reappearance of weakened CR TERM 85 Generalization DEFINITION 85 thinking two similar stimuli are the same and responding to the wrong one (ex: dog hears doggy treat bag and jumps up, now she jumps up whenever she hears a bag opening) TERM 96 Automatic Processing DEFINITION 96 to encode information such as the sequence of the days events and the frequency of events such as the number of times we run into a friend, unconscious (implicit) TERM 97 Effortful Processing DEFINITION 97 Consciously attend to information (selective attention) & process it to form durable, accessible memories (explicit) TERM 98 Rehearsal DEFINITION 98 Conscious repetition of material TERM 99 Spacing effect DEFINITION 99 rehearsal is distributed across time TERM 100 Deep Processing DEFINITION 100 meaning of word TERM 101 Intermediate/Some Shallow DEFINITION 101 rhymes with or sounds like TERM 102 Shallow Processing DEFINITION 102 Is the word in capital letters TERM 103 Forgetting Curve DEFINITION 103 You quickly forget things, and then it levels off and you very slowly forget thingsRapid then levels off TERM 104 Brain regions involved in memory DEFINITION 104 Automatic: Cerebellum or basal gangliaEffortful: hippocampus and frontal lobes TERM 105 Memory Reconstruction- how to improve law enforcement techniques DEFINITION 105 Should show pictures of people one at a time instead of all at once - sequential line up TERM 106 Algorithm DEFINITION 106 methodical, guarantee a solution TERM 107 Heuristic DEFINITION 107 simple, quick way to solve problems efficiently but might not be correct TERM 108 Confirmation bias DEFINITION 108 seeking out information to support a theory and ignoring information that goes against it TERM 109 Falsification DEFINITION 109 you must be able to disprove a theory TERM 110 Representativeness Heuristic DEFINITION 110 Judging the likelihood of things based on what they represent or are similar to TERM 121 Reliability DEFINITION 121 a test has consistent results TERM 122 Validity DEFINITION 122 it measures what it is supposed to TERM 123 Stereotype Threat DEFINITION 123 If you're told you will do good/bad based on a group you belong to, and you show that these assumptions are correct on a test if reminded of it before test TERM 124 James-lange DEFINITION 124 first experience stimulus, then psychological changes take effect, then interpret these changes as an emotion TERM 125 Cannon-Bard DEFINITION 125 emotion and psychological response are triggered simultaneously TERM 126 Two-Factor DEFINITION 126 to experience emotions one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal TERM 127 6 basic emotions DEFINITION 127 Fear, surprise, happiness, anger, disgust, sadness TERM 128 Detecting emotions DEFINITION 128 faster and more accurately decode anger on male faces and happiness on women's faces TERM 129 Lie Detection DEFINITION 129 use less pronouns (I), more blinking TERM 130 Internal Attributions DEFINITION 130 Dispositional- personal attributes, driven by the personIndividualistic culture TERM 131 External Attributions DEFINITION 131 Situational- driven by environmentCollectivist culture TERM 132 Self-serving bias DEFINITION 132 make internal attributions for positive outcomes and blame negative outcomes on external attributions TERM 133 Cognitive dissonance DEFINITION 133 behaving in a way thats inconsistent with ones attitudes leads to an unpleasant state of tension TERM 134 Aschs conformity study DEFINITION 134 The line judgement study. People would often conform to fit the norms TERM 135 Informational social influence DEFINITION 135 using information of others to understand ambiguous situations; motivation is to be accurate Seen in Sherifs study TERM 146 Generalized Anxiety Disorder DEFINITION 146 a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic system arousal with both cognitive and physical symptoms (ex: worried about home life when at work) TERM 147 Panic Disorder DEFINITION 147 marked by brief, unpredictable episodes of intense dread, with terror and chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations TERM 148 Phobias DEFINITION 148 persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation TERM 149 OCD DEFINITION 149 unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions) TERM 150 Compulsive Hoarding DEFINITION 150 inability to discard large quantities of objects that cover living areas- cause distress or impairment TERM 151 PTSD DEFINITION 151 haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy, can develop at any age TERM 152 Fear conditioning DEFINITION 152 when associations form between neutral stimuli and fearful events Stimulus generalization and reinforcement TERM 153 Observational learning DEFINITION 153 when we fear through observing (seeing and hearing) others TERM 154 Cognition DEFINITION 154 Our interpretations and irrational beliefs also make for anxiety TERM 155 Natural selection DEFINITION 155 Creatures are biologically prepared to fear threats that make them less likely to survive and reproduce Humans and monkeys learn snake fear more easily than fear of most stimuli through direct or vicarious conditioning TERM 156 Genes DEFINITION 156 anxiety disorders run in families; some studies point to anxiety gene that affects levels of serotonin TERM 157 The brain DEFINITION 157 anxiety disorders are manifested as over- arousal of brain areas involved in impulse control and habitual behaviors (higher activity in parts of brain of those with certain disorders) TERM 158 Major depressive disorder DEFINITION 158 mood disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks of Feelings of worthlessness and diminished interests or pleasure in most activities. In any given year, plagues 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women making it the common cold of psych disorders TERM 159 Bipolar disorder DEFINITION 159 mood disorder in which the person alternates between the lethargy of depression and the over excited state of mania TERM 160 The basic facts of depression DEFINITION 160 Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression Depression is widespread; compared with men, women are nearly two times as vulnerable Most major depressive episodes self-terminate spontaneously Stressful events in work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression Increasing over time