Transcription and Translation: From DNA to Protein, Quizzes of Biology

Download Transcription and Translation: From DNA to Protein and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 one gene-one enzyme hypothesis DEFINITION 1 Beadle and Tatum deduced that the 3 different mutant types each lacked a different enzyme in the pathway which synthesizes arginine. TERM 2 Translation DEFINITION 2 Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide directed by mRNA. Occurs on the ribosomes TERM 3 Codon DEFINITION 3 a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies which amino acid will be added to a growing polypeptide or signals the termination of translation. TERM 4 Initiation DEFINITION 4 RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA near the beginning of a gene, separating the double helix near the promoter. The initiation complex binds to an mRNA molecule. The methionine (met) tRNA anticodon (UAC) base-pairs with the start codon (AUG) of the mRNA. TERM 5 Elongation DEFINITION 5 RNA polymerase travels along the DNA template strand, catalyzing the addition of ribose nucleotides into an RNA molecule. The nucleotides in the RNA are complementary to the template strand of the DNA. The next tRNA occupies the A site and the anticodon hydrogen bonds to the codon of the mRNA. TERM 6 Termination DEFINITION 6 At the end of a gene, RNA polymerase encounters a sequence of DNA called a termination signal. RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA and releases the RNA molecule. the methionine from the initiator tRNA forms a peptide bond with the amino acid on the tRNA at the A site. TERM 7 Conclusion of Transcription DEFINITION 7 After termination, the DNA completely rewinds into a double helix. The RNA molecule is free to move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation, and RNA polymerase may move to another gene and begin transcription once again, or it can even re-bind the same promoter and transcribe the same gene again. TERM 8 Messenger RNA (mRNA) DEFINITION 8 The sequence of nucleotides present in the DNA is reflected by the sequence in the RNA. - AND​ - The sequence of nucleotides in a mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids. - AND - The sequence of amino acids determines the protein. TERM 9 The P Site DEFINITION 9 holds the tRNA with the polypeptide chain attached. TERM 10 The A Site DEFINITION 10 hold the tRNA with the next amino acid to be added. TERM 21 Cell Cycle DEFINITION 21 the sequence of activities that occurs between one cell division and the next. TERM 22 Cell Division (Stages) DEFINITION 22 Growth Renewal and repair Reproduction TERM 23 Cell Division DEFINITION 23 the process in which the genetic information of a cell is passed along to the next generation of cells. Replication of DNA Equal distribution of DNA to opposite ends of the dividing cell Separation into two daughter cells TERM 24 Asexual Reproduction DEFINITION 24 Reproduction in which offspring are formed from a single parent, rather than through a fusion of gametes (sperm and egg) as in sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. Produces genetically identical offspring. TERM 25 binary fission DEFINITION 25 Binary fission is a prokaryotic cell division, which literally means splitting in two. TERM 26 life cycle DEFINITION 26 If the organism is single-celled then a cell cycle can be the same as the life cycle. the sequence of stages in an organisms reproductive history, from conception to production of its own offspring. TERM 27 interphase DEFINITION 27 the period of the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing During this time, the cell is acquiring nutrients from its environment, growing, and replicating its DNA. Interphase makes up about 90% of the cell cycle TERM 28 Mitosis DEFINITION 28 Division of the nucleus TERM 29 Cytokenesis DEFINITION 29 Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm that forms 2 separate daughter cells each containing a single nucleus. Quickly follows Mitosis TERM 30 Meiosis DEFINITION 30 Meiosis is a pre-requisite for sexual reproduction. Occurs in the ovaries and the testes in mammals. A meiotic division followed by 2 rounds of cytokinesis to produce 4 daughter cells that become gametes (sperm or egg). Gametes carry half the genetic material of the parent. So the cells produced by meiosis are not identical to the parent cell, OR the other daughter cell. TERM 31 Chromosomes DEFINITION 31 threadlike structures composed of DNA​and proteins bound to it. Vary in length because some contain more genes than others. The largest human chromosome (#1) contains about 3000 genes. One of the smallest (#22) only contains about 600 genes. TERM 32 Chromatin DEFINITION 32 the aggregate mass of dispersed genetic material formed from DNA and protein. TERM 33 Centromere DEFINITION 33 The eukaryotic chromosome has two arms which extend from a structure the centralized region between the arms of a chromosome which joins two sister chromatids. TERM 34 Sister Chromatids DEFINITION 34 During mitosis (cell division), the 2 sister chromatids separate, and each chromatid forms an individual chromosome. These 2 chromosomes get split between the 2 daughter cells resulting from a mitotic division. TERM 35 Karyotype DEFINITION 35 If the chromosomes are photographed, the pairs can be arranged by size, shape and staining pattern to produce a karyotype