Neuroanatomy Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Physiology

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TERM 1 Nissl body DEFINITION 1 Well developed rough ER in the cell body of a neuron rough ER produce neurotransmitters; this is the reason we call it a biosynthetic center TERM 2 Neurofilaments DEFINITION 2 intermediate filaments in the cell body of a neuron TERM 3 Ganglion DEFINITION 3 a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS TERM 4 Nuclei DEFINITION 4 a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS TERM 5 Tract DEFINITION 5 a bundle of axons in the CNS TERM 6 Nerve DEFINITION 6 a bundle of axons in the PNS TERM 7 Axonal terminals DEFINITION 7 bulbous ends at the end of the axon; the end of the axon that forms a synapse with another neuron---pass information (store and release neurotransmitters) TERM 8 Neurilemma DEFINITION 8 cytoplasm and the nucleus of the Schwann cell squeezed outside the myelin sheath TERM 9 Nodes of Ranvier DEFINITION 9 spaces between adjacent myelin sheaths TERM 10 Endoneurium DEFINITION 10 delicate connective tissue membrane covering each axon TERM 21 Pseudounipolar neuron DEFINITION 21 has one short process extending from the ell body that bifurcates into a central process and a peripheral process TERM 22 Motor/efferent neurons DEFINITION 22 transmits impulses AWAY from the CNS to effector organs (glands, organs) TERM 23 Sensory/afferent neuron DEFINITION 23 transmits impulses from sensory receptors TOWARDS the CNS TERM 24 Association neurons/interneurons DEFINITION 24 located in the CNS between the sensory and motor neurons (99% of neurons) TERM 25 nerve DEFINITION 25 collection of axons (nerve fibers) in the PNS- wrapped in CT TERM 26 tract DEFINITION 26 collection of axons (nerve fibers) in the CNS TERM 27 Group A fibers DEFINITION 27 have the largest diameter and heavily myelinated; transmit impulse at a rate of 150 m/s (=300 miles per hour) (motor neurons) TERM 28 Group B fibers DEFINITION 28 intermediate diameter and lightly myelinated; transmit impulses at a rate of 15m/s (ex. Preganglionic autonomic fibers) TERM 29 Group C fibers DEFINITION 29 smallest diameter and unmyelinated; transmit impulses at a rate of 1m/s (ex. postganglionic autonomic fibers) TERM 30 The Dura mater and the arachnoid mater are separated by DEFINITION 30 the subdural space TERM 31 The arachnoid mater and the pia mater are separated by the DEFINITION 31 Subarachnoid space TERM 32 Dura mater DEFINITION 32 outermost meninx; double layered; the outer periosteal layer lining the internal surface of the cranium and the inner meningeal later TERM 33 Arachnoid mater DEFINITION 33 middle meninx; web-like extensions from the arachnoid mater to the subarachnoid space TERM 34 Pia mater DEFINITION 34 inner meninx; clings to the surface of the brain TERM 35 Septum pellucidum DEFINITION 35 connect the two lateral ventricles TERM 46 white matter DEFINITION 46 deeper in the brain. composed of myelinated fiber tracts carrying impulses to or from the cortex Composed of three tracts: Ascending-sensory inputs Descending-motor outputs transverse tracts-commissural fibers TERM 47 Commissural tracts DEFINITION 47 made of commissural fibers. Connects corresponding gray areas of the 2 hemispheres, allowing them to function as a whole ex.) corpus callosum TERM 48 Projection tracts DEFINITION 48 run vertically. ties the cerebral cortex to the rest of the nervous system and to the body's receptors Descending tracts-motor output from the cerebral cortex ex. Pyramidal tacts Ascending tracts-sensory input to the cerebral cortex ex. spinothalamic tract TERM 49 Association tracts DEFINITION 49 connect different parts of the brain in the same hemisphere TERM 50 Corpus Callosum DEFINITION 50 commissural tract TERM 51 arcuate fasciculate DEFINITION 51 association tract-connects brocas area to the wernickes area in the left cerebral hemisphere TERM 52 Pyramidal tracts DEFINITION 52 projection tract TERM 53 Basal Nuclei DEFINITION 53 islands of gray matter in the cerebral white matter. The caudate nucleus, putamen, and the globus pallidus constitute most of the mass of each group of basal nuclei TERM 54 Lentiform nucleus DEFINITION 54 The putamen and globus pallidus form a lens-shaped mass called the lentiform nucleus TERM 55 Corpus striatum DEFINITION 55 the lentiform nucleus and the caudate nucleus form the corpus striatum TERM 56 Conus medullaris DEFINITION 56 cone shaped structure that the spinal cord tapers into and ends at TERM 57 filum termminale DEFINITION 57 fibrous extension of the conus covered by pia matter that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx TERM 58 epidural space DEFINITION 58 space between the bony vertebrae and the single layered spinal dura mater TERM 59 Cervical Enlargement DEFINITION 59 collection of nerves that innervate and control voluntary motor function and sensation in the upper limbs TERM 60 Lumbar Enlargement DEFINITION 60 Collection of nerves that innervate and control voluntary motor function and sensation in the lower limbs TERM 71 Primary Gustatory Cortex DEFINITION 71 found in the insula. Receives and perceives different tastes. TERM 72 Association Areas DEFINITION 72 integrate and interpret sensory inputs from the sensory areas... TERM 73 Parkinson's disease DEFINITION 73 results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra. As those neurons deteriorate, the dopamine-deprived basal nuclei the target cells become overactive. Results in a persistent tremor at rest, a foward-bent walking posture and a stiff facial expression TERM 74 What is the consequence if the precentral gyrus in the left cerebral hemishpere is destroyed DEFINITION 74 movement in the right side of the body would be inhibited TERM 75 the postcentral gyrus in the right cerebral hemisphere is destroyed DEFINITION 75 sensation on the left side of the body would be inhibited