Anthropology Terms and Definitions: Language, Culture, and Research Methods, Quizzes of Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

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TERM 1 Anthropology DEFINITION 1 study of the human species and its immediate ancestors TERM 2 Culture DEFINITION 2 shared human behavior societies socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions TERM 3 Evolution DEFINITION 3 Human biological change scientific theory stating that species arise from others through a long process of genetic transformation TERM 4 Biological Anthropology DEFINITION 4 theory of evolution TERM 5 Archaeology DEFINITION 5 past behavior (question historical change) TERM 6 Linguistic DEFINITION 6 language and biology (how people learn new culture) study of language TERM 7 Fieldwork DEFINITION 7 Get own data live in different cultures defines anthropologist TERM 8 Academic Anthropology DEFINITION 8 grant and university research(can effect process/questions) scholars producing knowledge TERM 9 Applied Anthropology DEFINITION 9 Practical application of Anthropological research (practicing anthropologists practice their profession outside of academia) aimed at influencing human behavior and social conditions related to issues(finding solution) TERM 10 Participant observation DEFINITION 10 learning a culture through social participation and personal observation over a long period of time TERM 21 enculturation DEFINITION 21 process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations TERM 22 Ethnocentrism DEFINITION 22 opinion that ones own way of life is natural or correct only true way of being fully human using own cultural values to judge another TERM 23 cultural relativism DEFINITION 23 world around us means different things to different cultures different perception of reality cultures should be understood independently TERM 24 Human rights DEFINITION 24 inalienable individual rights to speak and believe free from persecution, murder, torture TERM 25 cultural rights DEFINITION 25 rights for groups to believe and act according to their customs free from persecution, restrictions, torture TERM 26 diffusion DEFINITION 26 the spread of culture traits from one culture to another TERM 27 acculturation DEFINITION 27 exchange of features when groups come into continuous contact (interact over long period of time) TERM 28 globalization DEFINITION 28 series of processes working to promote change across the world TERM 29 productivity DEFINITION 29 ability to use language tools to create new expression TERM 30 culturally transmitted DEFINITION 30 its learned, shared, taught to new generations TERM 31 displacement DEFINITION 31 ability to speak of things and events that are not present TERM 32 phonology DEFINITION 32 study of language sounds(phonemes) not every society/culture uses every sound TERM 33 morphology DEFINITION 33 study of how sounds are combined to form words (morphemes) sounds combine to create words TERM 34 lexicon DEFINITION 34 all morphemes and their meaning dictionary/sometimes never written down TERM 35 syntax DEFINITION 35 rules for the formation of phrases and sentences true in any language TERM 46 macroevolution DEFINITION 46 larger genetic changes with reproduction isolation leading to new species TERM 47 assimilation DEFINITION 47 minority adopts a dominate culture TERM 48 plural societies DEFINITION 48 interdependence of ethnic groups TERM 49 multiculturalism DEFINITION 49 assumes ethnic siversity TERM 50 Homologies DEFINITION 50 shared adaptations; primitive traits shared because of common ancestors TERM 51 Analogies DEFINITION 51 convergent evolution; traits converge because of shared enviornment TERM 52 Ardipithecus DEFINITION 52 earliest hominins two ardipithecus species earliest bipedalism (transitional) woodland enviornment small cranial capacity no artifacts-no culture TERM 53 Homo Habilis DEFINITION 53 in east africa larder cranial capacity changing teeth associated with tools TERM 54 Homo Sapiens DEFINITION 54 full bipedalism increasing cranial capacity explosion of material culture TERM 55 Artifacts DEFINITION 55 material items that humans have manufactures or modified TERM 56 cultural features DEFINITION 56 non-portable remnants from the past, such as house walls or ditches TERM 57 cultural landscapes DEFINITION 57 human made or modified environments TERM 58 sedentism DEFINITION 58 settled lifestyle and living in permanent structures TERM 59 regional territory DEFINITION 59 moved around often; boundaries defined them where they were put in that state TERM 60 farming economics DEFINITION 60 different economic system; all states provided services TERM 71 Foraging DEFINITION 71 Hunter gatherers mobile rely on natural resources band societies egalitarian social systems inuit TERM 72 horticulture DEFINITION 72 subsistence farmers simple tools fields not permanent (slash and burn/ shifting cultivation) rely on natural resources tribes and cheifdom (kinship social organization) ranked social systems TERM 73 Agriculture DEFINITION 73 intensive farming more complex tools domesticated animals irrigation/terracing/pest elimination/mechanized costs and benefits intensified enviornments TERM 74 Pastoralism DEFINITION 74 Subsistence Herders breeding and managing herds of domesticated grazing animals pastoral nomadism TERM 75 market principle DEFINITION 75 exchange of goofs and services with a standardized value TERM 76 kinship DEFINITION 76 specific structures and organized human relationships of interdependence TERM 77 unillineal DEFINITION 77 relationships are recognized through one line of descent whether mothers or fathers kins lie TERM 78 ambillineal DEFINITION 78 people can choose to recognize relationships through either their moms or dads line TERM 79 bilateral DEFINITION 79 relationships are recognized through both lines of descents TERM 80 parallel cousins DEFINITION 80 children of a persons parents same-sex siblings TERM 81 cross cousins DEFINITION 81 children of a persons parents opposite sex siblings TERM 82 four kinship classification systems DEFINITION 82 Lineal Bifurcate merging Generational Bifurcate collateral TERM 83 monogamy DEFINITION 83 single spouse marriage TERM 84 polygamy DEFINITION 84 multiple spouse marriage TERM 85 polygyny DEFINITION 85 multiple wives marriage TERM 96 state DEFINITION 96 centralized political system specialized make laws. use force socially stratified military structure TERM 97 social control DEFINITION 97 parts of a culture that actively maintain social interactions formal control informal control TERM 98 makua DEFINITION 98 problems within community include stealing TERM 99 ehaya DEFINITION 99 gossip/ shame spreading rumors INFORMAL TERM 100 enretthe DEFINITION 100 higher sourcer to put a curse on person hoping/thinking people will die or get sick must inform person of curse INFORMAL TERM 101 codeia DEFINITION 101 Jail only use when two informal ways dont work FORMAL TERM 102 Hegemony, A. Gramsci DEFINITION 102 cultural behavior becomes natural how ruling class maintain order TERM 103 Animism DEFINITION 103 belief in souls/spirits through objects supernatural connections TERM 104 Shamanic DEFINITION 104 Animistic practices with part time specialists TERM 105 communal DEFINITION 105 add community ritual TERM 106 olympian DEFINITION 106 belief in a patheon of god with full time religious specialists TERM 107 monotheism DEFINITION 107 full time religious specialists with belief in a single omnipotent deity TERM 108 Totemism DEFINITION 108 belief that they descent from or are connected through a mythical being or force creates group solidarity TERM 109 Rituals DEFINITION 109 stylized, repetitive, shared social practice set off from the routine of everyday life liturgical order: set structure rites of passage: maric important stages in a life cycle TERM 110 Magic DEFINITION 110 supernatural techniques intended for specific aims imitative magic: practice magic contagious magic: controlling the uncontrollable