Debating Fetus' Moral Status & Personhood: Abortion, Animal Rights & Euthanasia, Quizzes of Ethics

Download Debating Fetus' Moral Status & Personhood: Abortion, Animal Rights & Euthanasia and more Quizzes Ethics in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 classical argument against abortion DEFINITION 1 P1) It is wrong to kill innocent personsP2) A fetus is an innocent personC) It is wrong to kill a fetus TERM 2 difference b/w a person and a human being DEFINITION 2 a PERSON is a member of the moral community // a human being is anyone who is genetically human TERM 3 example of a person who is not a human being DEFINITION 3 an intelligent alien who comes to Earth TERM 4 example of a human being who is not a person DEFINITION 4 anencephalic infants TERM 5 How does the distinction b/w human beings and persons interact w/ the classical argument against abortion DEFINITION 5 person and human being are meant to mean the same thing! TERM 6 Warren's criticism of the classic argument DEFINITION 6 Denies that a fetus is a human being TERM 7 Warren's traits for personhood DEFINITION 7 1. Consciousness of objects & events external and/or internal to the being and esp. the capacity to feel pain // 2. Reasoning or rationality // 3 Self-motivated activity // 4. Capacity to communicate // 5. Possession of self-concepts and self- awareness TERM 8 Which traits are minimally required for personhood? DEFINITION 8 Probably just consciousness of objects and events external and or internal to the being AND reasoning or rationality. // NOT SPECFICALLY LISTED. TERM 9 Why are the criteria for personhood relevant to abortion? DEFINITION 9 A fetus has NONE of these traits TERM 10 How would invocations of potentiality argue the classic argument? DEFINITION 10 The fetus will mature into someone who possesses all five of the criteria for personhood // NEW ARGUMENT: P1) It is wrong to kill all innocent persons P2) A fetus is a potential person C) It is wrong to kill a fetus. TERM 21 Tooley's account DEFINITION 21 an entity cannot possess a right to life unless it has a capacity to desire its continued existence // WRONG because it relies to heavily on psychological stuff, allows for infanticide TERM 22 Bassen's Account DEFINITION 22 killing is wrong because it requires there be a victim and sentience is necessary to be a victim, the comatose could be killed TERM 23 How does Marquis's theory apply to abortion? DEFINITION 23 Abortion is wrong because it robs a fetus of a valuable future TERM 24 Responses to Marquis' argument DEFINITION 24 rights of the mother to not be pregnant vs. rights of the fetus to have a valuable future TERM 25 Response to Warren's argument DEFINITION 25 Warren's argument is based differently than Marquis and can't disarm it. person vs. valuable future TERM 26 What are stem cells? DEFINITION 26 cells capable of developing into a variety of types of cells. TERM 27 embryonic vs. adult stem cells DEFINITION 27 embryonic: can be cultured in petri dishes and potentially used to generate "therapeutic tissues" or "spare organs"// adult: less potent; can't develop into as much. TERM 28 Advantages of embryonic cells DEFINITION 28 pluripotent, can be used for almost anything TERM 29 advantages of adult stem cells DEFINITION 29 not reliant upon aborted fetuses TERM 30 How does Warren's abortion argument apply to stem cell research? DEFINITION 30 Fetuses have no moral consideration, stem cell research a- okay TERM 31 Why doesn't Marquis' abortion argument apply to stem cell research? DEFINITION 31 do EMBRYOS have a valuable future if created for scientific research? they are not put into a woman. frozen in a lab is not a valuable future TERM 32 Scientific argument against stem cell research DEFINITION 32 Precautionary Principle: we should not proceed with any technology until we are confident that the benefits outweight the costs. // no one thinks we need to try stuff on humans before we use it. TERM 33 moral argument against stem cell research DEFINITION 33 Sanctity of life: human life is sacred // however, stem cell research could save a lot of people at the expense of a relatively few amount of embryos. // WHY is human life sacred?? // Technology may soon allow us to take tissue without destroying the fetus as well. TERM 34 clonal vs. sexual reproduction DEFINITION 34 sexual: a child gets half its genes from its mother and half from its father // clonal: all the child's genes would come from a body cell of a single indvidual TERM 35 nuclear transplantation cloning DEFINITION 35 involves removing a nucleus from a somatic cell and implanting it into a dunucleated egg. An electricalopment. shock or chemical stimulus is then provided to initiate cellular division and embryonic devel TERM 46 What does euthanasia literally mean? DEFINITION 46 good death TERM 47 How would PAS likely be justified? DEFINITION 47 autonomy! TERM 48 Six different kinds of euthanasia and their moral status DEFINITION 48 1. VPE: okay // 2. VAE: debate // 3. NPE: okay (DNR) // 4. NAE: debate // 5 IPE: not okay // 6. IAE: not okay TERM 49 AMA on active and passive euthanasia DEFINITION 49 Active: not okay // Passive: okay TERM 50 Strategy of Rachels' argument on euthanasia DEFINITION 50 If passive euthanasia is permissible, so will active TERM 51 Two justifications for passive euthanasia DEFINITION 51 1. respect for autonomy // 2. minimizing pain and suffering TERM 52 Problems with respect for autonomy justification for passive euthanasia DEFINITION 52 You can authorize death for someone who would not be better off dead! TERM 53 Implications for the minimization of pain and suffering justification for passive euthanasia DEFINITION 53 Active euthanasia does a better job of minimizing pain and suffering!! TERM 54 What does Brock identify as the good consequences of euthanasia? DEFINITION 54 1. self determination respected // 2. People would feel better that the option was on the table TERM 55 What does Brock think the bad consequences of euthanasia would be? What are his responses? DEFINITION 55 1. Allowing doctors to perform euthanasia might undermine the moral center of medicine; RESPONSE: Physicians shouldn't support life without value // 2. Could undermine society's commitment to the sick RESPONSE: no reason to think this would happen and VPE doesn't lessen life- sustaining treatment` TERM 56 What public policy guidelines does Brock advocate? DEFINITION 56 1. The patient should be provided with all relevant info about his/her medical condition, current prognosis, available alt treatment, and prognosis of each // 2. Procedures shoudl ensure that the patient's request for euthanasia is stable or enduring // 3. All reasonable alternatives must have been explored for improving the patient's quality of life and reliving any pain or suffering // 4. A psychiatric eval shoudl ensure that the patient's request is not the reult of a treatable psychological impairment such as depression TERM 57 According to Callahan, why is euthanasia emblematic of three turning points in Western thoughts? DEFINITION 57 1) represents a potential point in the legitimate conditions under which one person my kill another 2.) It would counder a wide- spread society to limit the conditions under which people may legitimately be killed; we can no longer kill for theft, unsubodorination, etc, and capital punishment also seems to be on the way out 3) represnts a turning point in the meaning and limtis of self determination. TERM 58 What three arguments does Callhan consider and what are his responses? DEFINITION 58 1) moral consideration of self-determination and patient well- being--this does not mean it's permissible for doctors to kill ; dueling and selling oneself into slavery out outlawed // 2. Lack of evidence to suggest that there would be harmful effects of legalized euthanasia--someone woudl abuse law, legislation would be difficult, and it would allow for slippery slopes // 3. compatibility of euthanasia and medical practices -- it would change how the public views doctotrs TERM 59 What three nefarious consequences does Callahan expect from legalized euthanasia and why? DEFINITION 59 1) there will be some abuse of the law b/c there are different interpretations, in the Netherlands they do it to people non- voluntarily // 2.) difficult to construct helpful and well written leg and enforcement will be hard -- subjective terms, doctors may not report // 3.) slippery slopes -- could kill people non voluntarily so they won't suffer! TERM 60 Why does Callahan think euthanasia is inconsistent with medical practice and the goals of medicine? DEFINITION 60 Doctors are healers, not killers // it would hurt their self- image // could take healing less seriously // death would depress them TERM 71 Why does Cohen think interests are insufficient to ground rights? DEFINITION 71 we have an interest in stealing money, but not a right TERM 72 According to Cohen, what obligations might we have toward animals? DEFINITION 72 not to needlessly hurt them TERM 73 Explain Cohens argument in favor of speciesism. Why does this argument miss Singers point? DEFINITION 73 we hsould choose to kick the dog because the dog has less moral consideration; NO we choose the dog because of the hedonic calculus TERM 74 On Singers view, why would it be rational to impart the same negative stimulus upon a non-human animal than upon a human animal? DEFINITION 74 because animals have less memories, their pain hurts less people, etc. TERM 75 What if suffering of humans and animals actually were equal? DEFINITION 75 we'd flip a coin! TERM 76 Why does the general concept of punishment pose an important moral question? DEFINITION 76 It inflicts harm on the punished TERM 77 With what normative theories do deterrence and retribution align? DEFINITION 77 deterrence -- utilitarian // retribution -- deontology TERM 78 How is punishment justified for the deterrence theory? DEFINITION 78 reduction or eradication of crime TERM 79 Under what three circumstances is punishment not to be allowed? Why? DEFINITION 79 1) Where the punishment is inefficacious 2) Where the punishment is unprofitable or too expensive 3) When the punishment is needless // DOES NOT BENEFIT SOCIETY TERM 80 What is the appropriate amount of punishment for a utilitarian? Discuss by incorporating Benthams rules. DEFINITION 80 Punishment should deter // the more we want to avoid something, the higher the penalty we should place on it // no excessive punishment! TERM 81 What three elements will all retributivist theories of punishment have in common? DEFINITION 81 1 ) the wrongdoer deserves punishment 2 ) the severity of the punishment depends on the severity of the act 3) punishment is an end in itself, irresepective of consequences TERM 82 lex talionis DEFINITION 82 The meaning of the principle, an eye for an eye is that a person who has injured another person returns the offending action to the originator in compensation. TERM 83 Criticism of lex talionis DEFINITION 83 punishment cannot always be in the same poor (ie you can't fine a poor man or blind a blind man) TERM 84 Why does van den Haag think that the death penalty is not unconstitutional? DEFINITION 84 It is specifically mentioned in the Constitution TERM 85 Why does the Eighth Amendment not undermine van den Haag's argument? DEFINITION 85 The 8th A was written at the same time as the other which specifically mention the death penalty, so they must not have considered that cruel and unusual TERM 96 State our definition of terrorism. DEFINITION 96 the intentional use of force against non-combatants or their property to intentionally instill fear in the hopes of realizing some ideological aim TERM 97 Why does our definition of terrorism include force instead of violence? DEFINITION 97 You could kidnap someone forcefully but not violently TERM 98 Why does that force need to be intentional for it to be terrorism? DEFINITION 98 You could accidently set off a bomb and it would not be terrorism TERM 99 Who are the targets of terrorism? DEFINITION 99 non-combatants, otherwise it is an act of war TERM 100 Why is defining combatants and noncombatants so difficult? DEFINITION 100 Who to include? Consider: armed soldier in uniform; unarmed soldier out of uniform; employee in munitions factor; reservist; contributor to tax base TERM 101 Why might we think that terrorism can be perpetuated against life- sustaining property? DEFINITION 101 You could burn down all the crop fields or something and a community can starve to death! TERM 102 Can terrorism be perpetuated against non- life-sustaining property? DEFINITION 102 Yes, it would definitely still instill fear TERM 103 Why must the fear caused by terrorism be intentional? DEFINITION 103 IF you were trying to do something good and accidently instilled fear it would not be considered terroristic TERM 104 For what reason must terrorism be effected? DEFINITION 104 Some specific ideological reason! TERM 105 Why are political aims too narrow in regards to ideological aims of terrorists? DEFINITION 105 there could be a religious or cultural reason, among others TERM 106 What does Primoratz mean when he says that terrorism has two targets? DEFINITION 106 one group is targeted so another group will do something TERM 107 What is a problem with the "two targets" of terrorism idea? DEFINITION 107 Not necessary--think about the anthrax letters sent to Congress TERM 108 jus ad bellum DEFINITION 108 Jus ad bellum (Latin for "right to wage war") is a set of criteria that are to be consulted before engaging in war, in order to determine whether entering into war is permissable; that is, whether it is a just war. TERM 109 jus in bello DEFINITION 109 The law of war is a body of law concerning acceptable justifications to engage in war (jus ad bellum) and the limits to acceptable wartime conduct (jus in bello). TERM 110 In what ways are jus ad bellum and jus in bello meant to be independent? DEFINITION 110 you can fight a just war unjustly OR fight an unjust war justly TERM 121 What important point do economic analyses of terrorism miss? DEFINITION 121 value of symbols, etc. TERM 122 What is CAT? DEFINITION 122 The UN's "Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment" TERM 123 What definition of torture is offered in CAT? DEFINITION 123 ...Torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person... TERM 124 What definition of torture is offered in 118 U.S.C. 2340? DEFINITION 124 Torture means an act committed by a person acting under the color of law specifically intended to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering (other than pain or suffering incidental to lawful sanctions) upon another person within his custody or physical control. TERM 125 What provision does CAT make regarding torture in emergency situations? DEFINITION 125 NONE TERM 126 What is CIDT? DEFINITION 126 Cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment TERM 127 What provision does CAT (not) make regarding CIDT in emergency situations? DEFINITION 127 You can use CIDT in emergency situations! TERM 128 What is the difference between torture and CIDT? DEFINITION 128 CIDT all but falls short of torture TERM 129 What are five examples of CIDT? DEFINITION 129 wall-standing, hooding, noise, sleep deprivation, and deprivation of food and or drink TERM 130 What is enhanced interrogation? DEFINITION 130 The five CIDT examples are used at Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib by the US government TERM 131 What five reasons might we give for torture? DEFINITION 131 1. sadistic // 2. confessional // 3. punitive // 4. terroristic // 5. interrogational TERM 132 Why are four of the five reasons for torture dubious? DEFINITION 132 sadistic -- hedonic calculus // confessional -- no longer necessary given the change in the rules of evidence // punitive -- eighth amendment precludes this // terroristic -- MAYBE in supreme emergencies, but it has a bad history TERM 133 Why does torture for interrogation purposes offer a compelling moral question? DEFINITION 133 Can we torture someone to prevent a greater harm from occurring? TERM 134 What are ticking time-bomb cases? DEFINITION 134 cases where a terrorist is going to blow somethign up and we have to decide whether or not to torture him TERM 135 What are the rules that Bentham laid out with respect to torture? DEFINITION 135 1. Torture should not be applied without (near) certainty that the would-be tortured has the relevant knowledge // 3. Torture is only appropriate as a last resort given presence of imminent threat // 4. minimal means shoudl always be preferred to extreme ones // 5&7 the prospective benefits must be greater than the prospective costs