International Security and Global Politics: Key Concepts and Definitions, Quizzes of Political Science

Download International Security and Global Politics: Key Concepts and Definitions and more Quizzes Political Science in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 security DEFINITION 1 Measures taken by states to ensure the safety of their citizens, the protection of their way of life, and the survival of their nation-state. Security can also mean the ownership of property that gives an individual the ability to secure the enjoyment or enforcement of a right or a basic human need TERM 2 National Security DEFINITION 2 A fundamental value in the foreign policy of states secured by a variety of tools of statecraft including military actions, diplomacy, economic resources, and international agreements and alliances. It also depends on a stable and productive domestic society. TERM 3 Widening School of International Security DEFINITION 3 Sometimes called the Copenhagen School, this refers to authors who extend the definition of security to include economic, political, societal, and environmental policy areas. TERM 4 Common Security DEFINITION 4 At times called cooperative security, it stresses noncompetitive approaches and cooperative approaches through which statesboth friends and foescan achieve security. Sometimes expressed as until all people are secure from threats of war, no one is secure. TERM 5 Globalization DEFINITION 5 A historical process involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities and expands the reach of power relations across regions and continents. TERM 6 Terrorism DEFINITION 6 The use of violence by nonstate groups, or in some cases, states to inspire fear, by attacking civilians and/ or symbolic targets, and elimination opposition groups. This is done for the purposes such as drawing widespread attention to a grievance, provoking a severe response, or wearing down an opponents moral resolve, to effect political change. TERM 7 Community DEFINITION 7 A human association in which members share common symbols and wish to cooperate to realize common objectives. TERM 8 Peace of Westphalia, 1648 DEFINITION 8 The treaties of Osnabruck and Munster, which together from the Peace of Westphalia, ended the Thirty Years War and were crucial in delimiting the political rights and authority of European monarchs. TERM 9 Self-Help DEFINITION 9 In realist theory, in an anarchical environment, states cannot assume other states will come to their defense even if they are allies. Each state must take care of itself. TERM 10 Balance of Power DEFINITION 10 In realist theory, this refers to an equilibrium between states; historical realist regard it as the product of diplomacy (contrived balance), whereas structural realists regard the system as having a tendency toward a natural equilibrium (fortuitous balance). It is a doctrine and an arrangement whereby the power of one state (or group of states) is checked by the countervailing power of other states. TERM 21 Revolution In military Affairs (RMA): DEFINITION 21 This is the effect generated by the marriage of advanced communication and information processing with state-of-the- art weapons and delivery systems. It is a means of overcoming the uncertainty and confusion that are part of any battle in war. TERM 22 Tactics DEFINITION 22 The conduct and management of military capabilities in or near the battle area TERM 23 Asymmetric Conflicts DEFINITION 23 n symmetrical warfare, armies with comparable weapons, tactics, and organizational structures do battle. Wars are fought on near- equal terms. When stakes are high and those actors in conflict are not equal in terms of weapons and technology, the weaker side adopts asymmetrical tactics. These include guerrilla warfare, roadside bombs, attacks on civilians, and other terrorist tactics. TERM 24 New Wars DEFINITION 24 Wars of identity between different ethnic communities or nations, and wars that are caused by the collapse of states or the fragmentation of multiethnic states. Most of these new wars are internal or civil wars. TERM 25 Third-tier states DEFINITION 25 Sometimes called the less-developed states or the premodern states. These countries fail to provide the basics, such as border protection, law and order, and maintenance of a functioning economy. TERM 26 Nuclear Weapon State (NWS): DEFINITION 26 A state that is party in the Nonproliferation Treaty and has treated a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device before, January 1, 1967. TERM 27 Deterrence DEFINITION 27 The threat or use of force to prevent an actor from doing something the actor would otherwise do. TERM 28 Non-Nuclear Weapons State (NNWS): DEFINITION 28 A state that is part of the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, meaning that it does not possess nuclear weapons TERM 29 Epistemic Community DEFINITION 29 A knowledge-bases transnational community of experts and policy activist. TERM 30 Nuclear Deterrence DEFINITION 30 Defined by nuclear strategist as the possession of sufficient power to inflict unacceptable damage on a potential adversary, nuclear deterrence must involve explicit threats in order to effectively prevent a state from using weapons. These threats must be seen as credible and must be clearly communicated. TERM 31 Transnational Actor DEFINITION 31 Any nongovernmental actor, such as multinational corporation or one countrys religious humanitarian organization that has relations with any actor from another country or with an international organization. TERM 32 Nuclear Terrorism DEFINITION 32 The use of or threat to use nuclear weapons or nuclear materials to achieve the goals of rogue states or revolutionary or radical organizations. TERM 33 Vertical Proliferation DEFINITION 33 An increase in the number of nuclear weapons a state possesses and in other technologies sued to delivery of weapons. Recently, concerns were raised about the production of tactical nuclear weapons like bunker busters that would be used to destroy caves and underground facilities in Afghanistan. TERM 34 Horizontal Proliferation DEFINITION 34 An increase in the number of actors who possess nuclear weapons TERM 35 National Liberation DEFINITION 35 This was a doctrine promoted by the Soviet Union that encouraged anticolonial or anti-Western insurgencies in the developing world. TERM 46 Clandestine or sleeper Cell DEFINITION 46 Usually a group of people, sent by an intelligence organization or terrorist network, that remains formant in a target country until activated by a message to carry out a mission, which could include prearrange attacks. TERM 47 Virtual Jihad Academy DEFINITION 47 The use of the internet to plan, promote, and propagate physical and cyber attacks as well as train and educate future followers or jihadist. TERM 48 Natural Law DEFINITION 48 The idea that humans have an essential nature, which dictates certain kinds of human goods are always and everywhere desired; because of this, there are common moral standards that govern all human relations, and these common standards can be discerned by the application of reason to human affairs. TERM 49 Civilization DEFINITION 49 The broadest construction of cultural identity to which individuals may subscribe. A number of broad cultures have emerged from world history, including the Western, Islamic, and Chinese civilizations TERM 50 Liberal Account of Rights DEFINITION 50 The belief that humans have inherent rights that the state has a responsibility to protect. TERM 51 Nonintervention DEFINITION 51 The principle that external powers should not intervene in the domestic affairs of sovereign states. TERM 52 Standards of Civilization DEFINITION 52 A nineteenth-century, European discourse about which values and norms made a country civilized, or barbaric and uncivilized, The conclusion was that civilized countries should colonize barbaric regions for the latters benefit. TERM 53 Human Security DEFINITION 53 The security of people, including their economic and social well-being, respect for their dignity, and the protection of their human rights. TERM 54 Human Development DEFINITION 54 The notion that it is possible to improve the lives of people. Basically, it is about increasing the number of choices people have. These may include living a long and healthy life, access to education, and a better standard of living. TERM 55 Common Security: DEFINITION 55 At times called cooperative security, it stresses noncompetitive approaches and cooperative approaches through which statesboth friends and foescan achieve security. Sometimes expressed as until all people are secure. TERM 56 Humanitarian Intervention DEFINITION 56 The use of military force by external actors to end a threat to people within a sovereign state. TERM 57 Poverty DEFINITION 57 : In the orthodox view, a situation suffered by people who do not have the money to buy food and satisfy other basic material needs. In the alternative view, a situation suffered by people who are not able to meet their material and nonmaterial needs through their own effort. TERM 58 World Bank Group DEFINITION 58 A collection of five agencies, the first established in 1945, with head offices in Washington, DC. The WBG promotes development in medium-and low-income countries with project loans, structural-adjustment programs, and various advisory services. TERM 59 World Trade Organization (WTO): DEFINITION 59 Established in 1995 with headquarters in Geneva. Membership (2010) of 153 states. The WTO is a permanent institution to replace the provisional GATT. It has a wider agenda, covering services, intellectual property, and investment issues as well as merchandise trade. The WTO also has great powers of enforcing through its dispute-settlement mechanism. The organizations Trade Policy Review Body conducts surveillance of members commercial measures TERM 60 Bretton Woods System DEFINITION 60 The name given to the three institutions that comprise the post-Second World War international political economic system. It is called Bretton Woods after the hamlet in northern New Hampshire where the leaders from the United States, the United Kingdom, and forty-two other countries met in July 1944. TERM 71 Conditionality DEFINITION 71 When regional or international lending agencies require that recipient national governments accept certain policy conditions in order to receive a loan or some form of economic assistance. TERM 72 Intellectual Property Rights DEFINITION 72 Rules that protect the owners of content through copyright, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. The world Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is the forum where states (184 members in 2010) discuss this issue TERM 73 Invisible Hand DEFINITION 73 The concept found in the eighteenth-century writing of Adam Smith that proposed governments leave trade and financial sectors alone. TERM 74 Zero-Sum World DEFINITION 74 A pessimistic view of any interaction that suggests that anothers gains are your losses. TERM 75 Autarchy DEFINITION 75 the mercantilist recommendation that states strive for economic self-sufficiency by using trade protectionism or policies of complete isolation. TERM 76 Political-economy Approach DEFINITION 76 the study of the interactions between states or public actors and the market at domestic and international levels. TERM 77 Economic Shock DEFINITION 77 An event that produces a significant change within an economy, despite occurring outside of it. Economic shocks are unpredictable and typically impact supply or demand throughout the markets. A sudden rise in commodity process and a devaluation of a currency are two examples of shocks that would hurt economic actors. TERM 78 Hegemony DEFINITION 78 A system regulated by a dominant leader, or political (and/or economic) domination of a region. It is also means power and control exercised by a leading state over other states. TERM 79 Coordination DEFINITION 79 A form of cooperation requiring parties to pursue a common strategy in order to avoid the mutually undesirable outcome arising from the pursuit of divergent strategies. TERM 80 International Organization DEFINITION 80 Any institution with formal procedures and formal membership form three or more countries. The minimum number of countries is set at three, rather than two, because multilateral relationship have significantly greater complexity than bilateral relationships. TERM 81 Fixed Exchange Rate DEFINITION 81 The price of currency will ear in a hard currency. Here a government is committed to keep it at a specific value TERM 82 Floating Exchange Rate DEFINITION 82 The market decides what the actual value of a currency is compared to other currencies. TERM 83 Foreign Direct Investment: (FDI): DEFINITION 83 Capital speculation by citizens or organizations of one country into markets or industries in another country/ TERM 84 Capital Controls DEFINITION 84 This is the monetary policy device that a government uses to regulate the flows into and out of a countrys capital account, i.e., the flows of investment-oriented money into and out of a country or currency. TERM 85 Immigration Controls DEFINITION 85 When a government controls the number of people who may work, study, or relocate to its country. It may also include quotas for certain national groups for immigration TERM 96 Futures DEFINITION 96 Derivative that oblige a buyer and seller to complete a transaction at a predetermine time in the future at a price agreed on today. Futures are also known as forwards. TERM 97 Options DEFINITION 97 Derivatives that give parties a right (without obligation) to buy or sell at a specific price for a stipulated period of time up to the contracts expiry date. TERM 98 Identity: DEFINITION 98 The understanding of the self in relationship to an other. Identities are social and thus always formed in relationship to others. Constructivist generally hold that identities shape interest; we cannot know what we want unless we know who we are. But because identities are social and produced through interactions, identities can change. TERM 99 International Nongovernmental Organization (INGO): DEFINITION 99 A formal international organization, with transnational members from at least three countries. There are many different types, with membership from national NGOs, local NGOs, companies, political parties, or individual people. A few have other INGOs as members, and some have mixed membership structure. TERM 100 Survival DEFINITION 100 In this context it is the survival of the person by the provision TERM 101 Community DEFINITION 101 A human association in which members share common symbols and wish to cooperate to realize common objectives. TERM 102 Development DEFINITION 102 in the orthodox view, top-down; reliance on expert knowledge, usually Western and definitely external; large capital investments in large projects; advanced technology; expansion of the private sphere. In the alternative view, bottom-up; participatory; reliance on appropriate (often local) knowledge and technology; small investments in small-scale projects; protection of the commons. TERM 103 World Trade Organization DEFINITION 103 Established in 1995 with headquarters in Geneva. Membership (2010) of 153 states. The WTO is a permanent institution to replace the provisional GATT. It has a wider agenda, covering services, intellectual property, and investment issues as well as merchandise trade. The WTO also has great powers of enforcing through its dispute-settlement mechanism. The organizations Trade Policy Review Body conducts surveillance of members commercial measures. TERM 104 G-8 (Group of Eight): DEFINITION 104 Established in 1975 as the G-5 (France, Germany, Japan, the UK, and the US0; subsequently expanded as the G-7 to include Canada and Italy; and since 1998 the G-8, to include the Russian Federation. The G-8 conducts semiformal collaboration on world economic problems. Government leaders meet in annual G-8 summits, while finance ministers or their leading official periodically hold other consultations. TERM 105 Post-Washington Consensus DEFINITION 105 A slightly modified version of Washing Consensus, promoting economic growth through trade liberalization coupled with pro-poor growth and poverty-reduction policies TERM 106 Regional Diversity DEFINITION 106 Each region of the world has experience economic development differently based on traditions, culture, historical development, and even geographic location. TERM 107 Social Movement DEFINITION 107 People with a diffuse sense of collective identity, solidarity, and common purpose that usually leads to collective political behavior. The concept covers all different NGOs and networks, plus all their members and all the other individuals who share the common value(s). Thus, the womens movement and the environmental movement are much more than the specific NGOs that provide leadership and focus the desire for social change. TERM 108 Transnational Company/Corporation (TNC): DEFINITION 108 A company that has affiliates in a foreign country. The affiliates may be branches of the parent company, separately incorporated subsidiaries, or associates with large minority shareholdings. TERM 109 Sustainable Development DEFINITION 109 : This has been defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. TERM 110 Ecological Footprint DEFINITION 110 : Used to demonstrate the load placed on the Earths carrying capacity by individuals or nations. It does this by estimating the area of productive land and water system required to sustain a population at its specified standard of living.