Terms and Definitions in Political Science: Sovereignty to Robust Federalism, Quizzes of Comparative Law and Politics

Download Terms and Definitions in Political Science: Sovereignty to Robust Federalism and more Quizzes Comparative Law and Politics in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Institution DEFINITION 1 organization or pattern of activity that is self-perpetuating and valued for its own sake embodies norms or values considered central to ppl's lives vary from country to country ex.: army, taxation, elections, the state TERM 2 freedom DEFINITION 2 ability of an indiv. to act independently, w/o fear of restriction or punishment by the state, other indiv., or groups TERM 3 equality DEFINITION 3 shared material standard TERM 4 state DEFINITION 4 org. that maintains a monopoly of violence over a territory originated with the Roman Empire TERM 5 sovereignty DEFINITION 5 ability to carry out actions or policies w/in a territory independently from external actors or internal rivals TERM 6 regime DEFINITION 6 fundamental rules and norms of politics embodies long0term goals regarding freedom and equality can be changed by dramatic social events (revolution) - intermediate institutionalization at the most basic level - democratic or authoritarian TERM 7 government DEFINITION 7 leadership or elite in charge of running the state weakly institutionalized in democracy - elected officials in authoritarian regime - unelected TERM 8 legitimacy DEFINITION 8 the extent to which someone or something is recognized and generally accepted as right and proper three types: traditional, ex.: Monarch (based on history-strongly insitutionalized); charismatic, ex.: revolutionary hero (based on a leader's ideas and personality- weakly institutionalized); and rational-legal, ex.: elected official (built on rules and procedures, strongly institutionalized) TERM 9 federalism DEFINITION 9 power is devolved to regional bodies (states, provinces) that control specific territory in a country helps check growth of central power TERM 10 unitary states DEFINITION 10 political power at the national level territorial divisions less important TERM 21 nation-state DEFINITION 21 sovereign state encompassing one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent TERM 22 top-down view DEFINITION 22 one view of ethnic and national conflict conflict is generated by elites and should be stopped by controlling political leaders responsible. TERM 23 bottom-up view DEFINITION 23 one view of ethnic and national conflict. conflict is generated by long-standing friction btwn groups animosity must burn itself out use of outside force will be ineffective. TERM 24 political attitudes DEFINITION 24 concerned with speed & methods of political change classified as radical, liberal, conservative, or reactionary particularistic: relative to the specific context of a given country TERM 25 radical DEFINITION 25 dramatic, often revolutionary change of existing polit. social or econ. order entire political structure must be transformed TERM 26 liberal (attitudes) DEFINITION 26 change must happen through evolutionary change TERM 27 conservatives DEFINITION 27 question whether change is necessary existing structures provide order and continuity TERM 28 reactionaries DEFINITION 28 seek to restore the old order and go back to an often imagined past ideals TERM 29 political ideologies DEFINITION 29 sets of political values regarding the fundamental goals of politics classified as liberalism, communism, social democracy, fascism and anarchism TERM 30 liberalism (ideology) DEFINITION 30 limited state role in society and economic activity emphasizes high degree of personal freedom over social equality US political attitude equivalent- conservative TERM 31 communism DEFINITION 31 state-owned property and production, elimination of mkt forces social equality over individual freedom US political attitude equivalent- radical TERM 32 social democracy DEFINITION 32 private property and mkt forces state plays strong role in regulating economy and providing social benefits to balance freedom and equality US political attitude equivalent- liberal TERM 33 fascism DEFINITION 33 low degree of personal freedom and quality to achieve powerful state US political attitude equivalent- reactionary TERM 34 anarchism DEFINITION 34 elimination of the state and private property as a way to achieve freedom and equality US political attitude equivalent- radical TERM 35 fundamentalism DEFINITION 35 ideology that seeks to link religion with the state and make faith the sovereign authority ex.: the velayat e-faqih in Iran TERM 46 civil society DEFINITION 46 network of associations independent from the state, which act in the public sphere and are bound by law constrains govt. power, encourages political participation, enhances legitimacy and trust in govt. types: economic, cultural/social, religious TERM 47 civil society I DEFINITION 47 (Foley & Edwards; Putnam) emphasizes civility and mutual benefit no political agenda, geared more toward interests and hobbies TERM 48 civil society II DEFINITION 48 (Foley & Edwards) emphasizes opposition to state undermines authoritarian regimes destabilizes democratic governments more likely to generate active citizenry than civil society II TERM 49 Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) DEFINITION 49 --based on mercantilism -state plays strong role in economy - tariff barriers are used to restrict imports -creates state- owned businesses in developing countries -industries become reliant on the state b/c they're unable to compete in global mkt. ex.: Brazil and Argentina TERM 50 Export-Oriented Industrialization DEFINITION 50 -based on mercantilism -state plays strong role in economy - tariff barriers are used to protect domestic industries - production focuses on industries that have comparative - advantage in int'l. mkt. -has led to higher growth than ISI ex.: S. Korea, Thailand TERM 51 globalization DEFINITION 51 process of expanding and intensifying linkages between states, societies, economies and individuals political implications: breaking down of distinctions between domestic and international politics emergence of non-state and supra- state actors (NGOs like Greenpeace, IGOs like the World Bank, MNCs like Microsoft) TERM 52 economic globalization DEFINITION 52 rapid growth in: >trade >FDI >MNCs >electronic commerce TERM 53 proportional representation DEFINITION 53 votes cast for parties seats divided among parties on basis of share of vote result: more smaller parties TERM 54 head of state DEFINITION 54 role that symbolizes and represents the people more symbolic than functional articulates goals of regime TERM 55 head of government DEFINITION 55 in charge of everyday tasks of running the state TERM 56 bicameral legislature DEFINITION 56 two houses accounts for most liberal democracies ex.: England TERM 57 unicameral legislature DEFINITION 57 one house more likely in small countries TERM 58 parliamentary system DEFINITION 58 majority of democracies two basic elements: PM & cabinet comes out of legislature; legislature elects and removes PM from office. Indirectly elected PM holds executive power as head of govt. and directs cabinet, formulates legislation & domestic and international policies. Serves for unfixed term, may be removed by vote of no confidence. head of state is ceremonial TERM 59 presidential system DEFINITION 59 minority of democratic systems president is directly elected by public for fixed term and has control over the cabinet and legislative process no vote of no confidence TERM 60 semipresidential system DEFINITION 60 power is divided between head of state and head of government presidents have fixed terms, PMs don't TERM 71 Iron Triangle DEFINITION 71 The link between Japanese bureaucrats (not elected, recruited based on merit), conservative politicians, and businessmen policies are determined by administrative guidance TERM 72 zaibatsu DEFINITION 72 industrial conglomerates in Japan TERM 73 the Diet DEFINITION 73 Japan's legislature, made up of two houses: 1. House of Representatives - lower house; 480 ppl; 4 yr. term; can be dissolved; has vote of no confidence 2. House of Councilors - upper house; 242 ppl; 6 yr. term; cannot be dissolved; more power than British House of Lords; passed vote of no confidence when DPJ won in 2007 TERM 74 House of Lords DEFINITION 74 UK has virtually no power; judicial authority; provides legal basis for govt. legislation TERM 75 House of Commons DEFINITION 75 646 members; individual districts of UK are represented can remove the PM w/vote of no confidence debates issues and votes on legislation TERM 76 abertura DEFINITION 76 gradual opening of Brazilian politics by the military during the 1970s, which eventually led to democratization TERM 77 Cardoso DEFINITION 77 Brazilian president responsible for significant economic and political reform, 1995-2002 TERM 78 National Congress DEFINITION 78 Brazil's legislature, made up of Chamber of Deputies (lower house) and Federal Senate (upper house) TERM 79 Landless Workers Movement (MST) DEFINITION 79 large Brazilian social movement that has fought for land reform TERM 80 liberation theology DEFINITION 80 the church should act to improve social and political power of the poor TERM 81 MERCOSUR DEFINITION 81 free-trade organization that Brazil and its neighbors are part of TERM 82 open-list proportional representation DEFINITION 82 Brazil's electoral system for legislative elections, in which voters may select individual candidates instead of a party list TERM 83 robust federalism DEFINITION 83 Brazil's current constitution established a federal system in which the states have a lot of power. TERM 84 state corporatism DEFINITION 84 political system in which citizens are encouraged to participate in state-controlled interest groups TERM 85 Workers' Party (PT) DEFINITION 85 Brazil's most important leftist party TERM 96 Thabo Mbeki DEFINITION 96 South Africa's former president who was forced to resign in 2008 when he failed to win the election as the ANC leader TERM 97 National Assembly DEFINITION 97 South Africa's lower house of parliament proportional representation TERM 98 New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) DEFINITION 98 The African Union program that attempts to tie foreign development aid to a commitment to democracy and the rule of law TERM 99 Truth and Reconciliation Commission DEFINITION 99 Post-apartheid body established to document apartheid-era human rights abuses and give reparations to victims and amnesty to perpetrators who confessed to crimes TERM 100 Archbishop Desmond Tutu DEFINITION 100 anti-apartheid activist and leader of south africa's anglican church who chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission TERM 101 United Democratic Front (udf) DEFINITION 101 unified anti-apartheid coalition created in 1983 from major black and white opposition groups TERM 102 national council of provinces DEFINITION 102 upper house of South Africa's parliament