Freudian Psychology and Psychological Disorders: Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Freudian Psychology and Psychological Disorders: Terms and Definitions and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Cerebellum DEFINITION 1 10% of brains volume. The brain structure that helps the body execute smooth, skilled movements and regulates muscle tone and posture. ---motor learning and memory of how to perform certain motor activities. TERM 2 Midbrain DEFINITION 2 area that contains structures linking the physiological functions of the hindbrain to the cognitive functions of the forebrain. TERM 3 Substantia nigra DEFINITION 3 the structure in the midbrain that controls unconscious motor movements. TERM 4 forebrain DEFINITION 4 the largest part of the brain, where cognitive functions as well as many of the motor functions of the brain are carried out. (Memory, logic, and self-awareness) TERM 5 Thalamus DEFINITION 5 the structure, located above the brainstem, which acts as a relay station for information flowing into or out of the forebrain. Affects ability to learn new verbal information. Controls regulation of sleep cycles TERM 6 Hypothalamus DEFINITION 6 regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, internal body temperature, other body functions, and a wide variety of emotional behaviors. Houses biological clock TERM 7 The limbic system DEFINITION 7 emotional expression, memory, and motivation. TERM 8 Amygdala DEFINITION 8 plays an important role in emotion, particularly in response to unpleasant or punishing stimuli. Helps form vivid memories of emotional events TERM 9 Hippocampus DEFINITION 9 plays a central role in the storing of new memories, the response to new stimuli, and navigational ability. TERM 10 Limbic system DEFINITION 10 hippocampus and amygdala TERM 21 Active sleep -- resembles waking state DEFINITION 21 REM TERM 22 20%-25% of normal nights sleep in adults DEFINITION 22 REM TERM 23 Epinephrine is released into the system, causing blood pressure to rise and heart rate and respiration to become faster. DEFINITION 23 REM TERM 24 Large muscles of the body: arms, legs, and trunk become paralyzed. DEFINITION 24 REM TERM 25 No delta waves! DEFINITION 25 REM TERM 26 NREM (non-REM) DEFINITION 26 non-rapid eye movement sleep, which consists of four sleep stages and is characterized by slow, regular respiration and heart rate, little body movement, and absence of rapid eye movements, and blood pressure and brain activity that are at their 24 hour low points. Slowing; relaxation. TERM 27 Drug addiction fact DEFINITION 27 - Certain environmental cues associated with drug use can become conditioned stimuli and later produce the conditioned responses of drug craving. - Drug counselors urge recovering addicts to stay away from these cues such as people, places, and things that are associated with their drug past. TERM 28 Ebbinghaus research DEFINITION 28 - Made up nonsense syllable (consonant-vowel-consonant) - It is better to study over the duration of a long period of time rather than cramming everything into your head the night before an exam. TERM 29 Validity DEFINITION 29 the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure. TERM 30 Reliability DEFINITION 30 the ability of a test to yield nearly the same score when the same people are tested and then retested on the same test or an alternative form. TERM 31 Harry Harlows research DEFINITION 31 - Attachment: the early, close relationship formed between infant and caregiver. - Harry Harlow did research with rhesus monkeys. Physical nourishment alone is not enough to bind infants to their primary caregivers. Constructed two surrogate monkey mothers ; one was plain wire-mesh cylinder with a wooden head and the other was a wire-mesh cylinder that was padded, covered with soft terrycloth , and fitted with somewhat more monkey-like head. Infants wanted the terrycloth monkey which showed that the contact comfort rather than nourishment was what was important TERM 32 What personality is? DEFINITION 32 - A persons characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling. TERM 33 Freuds levels: Conscious DEFINITION 33 whatever we are aware of at any given moment thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories. ~ EGO TERM 34 Freuds levels: Preconscious DEFINITION 34 the thoughts, feelings, and memories that a person is not consciously aware of at the moment but that may easily be brought to consciousness. ~ SUPER EGO TERM 35 Freuds levels: Unconscious DEFINITION 35 primary motivating force of human behavior, containing repressed memories as well as instincts, wishes, and desires that have never been conscious.~ ID TERM 46 Ego defense mechanisms: Reaction formation DEFINITION 46 expressing exaggerated ideas and emotions that are the opposite of disturbing, unconscious impulses and desires. (A former purchaser of porno, Bob is now a person who regulates it with the law so he can still see it.) TERM 47 Ego defense mechanisms: Displacement DEFINITION 47 substituting a less threatening object or person for the original object of sexual or aggressive impulse. (Because he was hit as a kid, a father now hits his children.) TERM 48 Ego defense mechanisms: Sublimation DEFINITION 48 rechanneling sexual and aggressive energy into pursuits or accomplishments that society consider acceptable or even admirable. (Tim goes to a gym to work out when he feels mad.) TERM 49 Defense mechanism DEFINITION 49 : means used by the ego to defend against anxiety and to maintain self-esteem. TERM 50 the most important factor influencing personality according to Freuds DEFINITION 50 Sex instinct TERM 51 Fixation DEFINITION 51 arrested development at a psychosexual stage occurring because of excessive gratification or frustration at that stage TERM 52 Freuds psychosexual stages: 1. The oral stage DEFINITION 52 (Birth 1 year)- The mouth is the primary source for an infants sensual pleasure.- Conflict: centers on weaning. TERM 53 Freuds psychosexual stages: 2. The anal stage DEFINITION 53 (1 3 years)- Children derive sexual pleasure from expelling and withholding feces.- One of parents first attempts to have children give up or postpone gratification. TERM 54 Freuds psychosexual stages: 3. The phallic stage DEFINITION 54 (3 5 or 6 years) - Children learn that they can derive pleasure from touching their genitals.- Masturbation is common.- Aware of the differences between males and females.- Oedipus complex: a conflict in which the child is sexually attracted to the opposite-sex parent and feels hostility toward the same sex parent.- Failure to resolve those conflicts can have serious consequences. TERM 55 Freuds psychosexual stages: 4. The latency stage DEFINITION 55 (5 or 6 years puberty)- Relatively calm stage.- The sex instinct is repressed and temporarily sublimated in school and play activities, hobbies, and sports.- Children prefer same-sex friends and play-mates. TERM 56 Freuds psychosexual stages : 5. The genital stage DEFINITION 56 (From puberty on.)- Focus of sexual energy gradually shifts to the opposite sex. TERM 57 Neo-Freudians DEFINITION 57 Jung, Adler, & Horney TERM 58 Carl Jung DEFINITION 58 - ** Most important neo-freudian!!- Did not consider sexual instinct to be the main factor in personality, nor did he believe that the personality is almost completely formed in early childhood. ;; Middle age was an even more important period for personality development. TERM 59 Personal unconscious DEFINITION 59 Jung : the layer of unconscious that contains all of the thoughts, perceptions, and experiences accessible to the conscious, as well as repressed memories, wishes, and impulses. TERM 60 Collective unconscious DEFINITION 60 Jung : the most inaccessible layer of the unconscious, which contains the universal experiences of humankind throughout evolution.---This is how he accounted for the similarity of certain myths, dreams, symbols, and other things in certain cultures.--- Contains Archetypes (inherited tendencies to respond to universal human situations in particular ways.) TERM 71 Cattells trait theory DEFINITION 71 - Surface traits: observable qualities of someones personality.- Source traits: deeper, underlying personality traits.- 16 personality traits. TERM 72 Five-factor model of personality: 1. Openness DEFINITION 72 : eager to try new things.- Important factor in adapting to new situations TERM 73 Five-factor model of personality: 2. Conscientiousness DEFINITION 73 - Viewed as more reliable.- Responsible vs. careless- Dependable.- High consciousness = high academic performance. TERM 74 Five-factor model of personality: 3. Extraversion DEFINITION 74 - Prefer being around people- May have an easier time getting a job than introverts.- However, more likely to engage in risky behaviors. TERM 75 Five-factor model of personality: 4. Agreeableness DEFINITION 75 - Easygoing- Friendly vs. cold- Able to function better in groups. TERM 76 Five-factor model of personality: 5. Neuroticism DEFINITION 76 - Pessimistic and always see the negative aspects of situations.- Impedes learning. TERM 77 Twin & adoption studies DEFINITION 77 - Identical twins are very similar on several personality factors whether or not they were raised together.- Both heredity and environment contribute to personality. TERM 78 Structured interviews DEFINITION 78 - Content of questions and the manner that they are asked in is planned ahead of time.- Makes for more reliable comparisons between different subjects.- Type of personality assessment TERM 79 Personality inventories: MMPI-2 DEFINITION 79 : personality test that is used to screen for and diagnose psychiatric problems and disorders. - Published in 1989 new items were added to cover areas such as alcoholism, drug abuse, suicidal tendencies, eating disorders, and the type A behavior pattern.- True/False questions that reflect inner thoughts.- Reliable, inexpensive, and easy to administer and score.- Does not reveal normal personality differences. TERM 80 Personality inventories: 2. CPI DEFINITION 80 - California Personality Inventory- Personality test developed for normal individuals aged 13 and older.- Does not include questions to reveal psychiatric illness.- Valuable for predicting behavior - Particularly useful in predicting school achievement in high school and beyond TERM 81 Projective tests DEFINITION 81 - A personality test in which people respond to inkblots, drawing of ambiguous human situations or incomplete sentences by projecting their inner thoughts, feelings, fears, or conflicts onto the test materials. TERM 82 The Rorschach DEFINITION 82 : 10 inkblots which the test taker is asked to describe. Five black and white & five colors. Can be used to describe personality, diagnose patients, plan and evaluate treatment, and predict behavior. TERM 83 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) DEFINITION 83 A projective test consisting of drawings of ambiguous human situations, which the test taker describes; thought to reveal inner feelings, conflicts, and motives, which are projected onto the test materials. Time consuming and hard to administer and score. Contains one blank card and 19 other cards showing vague or ambiguous black and white drawings of human figures in various situations. TERM 84 1. Biological perspective on psych disorders and therapies: DEFINITION 84 CAUSE -- a psychological disorder is a symptom of an underlying physical disorder caused by a structural or biochemical abnormality in the brain, by genetic inheritance, or by infection. THERAPIES diagnose and treat like any other physical disorder; drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, or psychosurgery. TERM 85 2. Biopsychosocial perspective: DEFINITION 85 CAUSE psychological disorders result from a combination of biological, psychological, and social causes. THERAPIES an electric approach employing treatments that include both drugs and psychotherapy. TERM 96 Specific Phobia DEFINITION 96 : a marked fear of a specific object or situation; a general label for any phobia other than agoraphobia and social phobia TERM 97 Situational Phobia DEFINITION 97 : (fear of elevators, airplanes, enclosed places, heights, tunnels, or bridges.) TERM 98 Two most treated situational phobias DEFINITION 98 Claustrophobia fear of closed spaces Acrophobia fear of heights TERM 99 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder DEFINITION 99 - An anxiety disorder in which a person suffers from recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions. - Studies have shown that early autoimmune system diseases, early strep infections, and changes in the brain caused by infection may lead to OCD. - There is a genetic factor in OCD. TERM 100 Obsessions DEFINITION 100 : a persistent, involuntary thought, image, or impulse that invades consciousness and causes great distress. (Thought!) TERM 101 Compulsions DEFINITION 101 : a persistent, irresistible, and irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly. (Action!) TERM 102 Vincent Van Goghs diagnosis DEFINITION 102 - Bipolar disorder: a mood disorder in which manic episodes alternate with periods of depression, usually with relatively normal periods in between.- Ear-cutting incident = manic episode (a period of excessive euphoria, inflated self esteem, wild optimism, and hyperactivity, often accompanied by delusions of grandeur and by hostility if activity if blocked.) TERM 103 Bipolar disorder DEFINITION 103 : a mood disorder in which manic episodes alternate with periods of depression, usually with relatively normal periods in between. TERM 104 Depression DEFINITION 104 Rate is two times greater in females than males.- Before boys reach puberty, they are more likely than girls to be depressed, but a dramatic switch in these roles appears in adolescence.- A woman is more likely to put the needs of others ahead of her own. TERM 105 Who is more likely to be affected by negative consequences along with the depression DEFINITION 105 Women TERM 106 Suicide DEFINITION 106 - Higher rate of completed suicides is found in males.- Women are four times more likely to attempt suicide than men.- Males: firearms 10 times higher in men- Females: poisoning and drug overdose. TERM 107 Positive Schizophrenia: Hallucinations DEFINITION 107 (imaginary sensations)May hear, see, smell, taste, or feel strange things in the absence of any stimulus in the environment. Hearing voices is most common! TERM 108 Positive Schizophrenia: Delusions DEFINITION 108 Delusions (false beliefs not generally shared by others in the culture.)Delusions of grandeur: believe that they are a famous person or someone with great power when in reality they are not.Delusions of persecution: belief that someone or something is trying to harm them. TERM 109 Positive Schizophrenia: Derailment DEFINITION 109 : disorganized thoughts and speech; switching from one topic to another without completing the first one. TERM 110 Positive Schizophrenia: Grossly disorganized behavior DEFINITION 110 : childlike silliness, inappropriate sexual behavior (masturbating in public), disheveled appearance, and peculiar dress. TERM 121 Dissociative disorders DEFINITION 121 Disorders in which, under unbearable stress, consciousness becomes dissociated from a persons identity or her or his memories of important personal events, or both TERM 122 Dissociative amnesia DEFINITION 122 : a complete or partial loss of the ability to recall personal information or identify past experiences that cannot be attributed to ordinary forgetfulness or substance use. Often caused by a traumatic experience or a situation that creates unbearable anxiety causing a person to escape by forgetting. TERM 123 Dissociative fugue DEFINITION 123 : disorder in which one has a complete loss of memory on ones entire identity, travels away from home, and may assume a new identity. May last for hours, days, or even months. Usually recovery is rapid; when they recover they have no memory of the episode. Occurs after a severely stressful situation. TERM 124 Dissociative identity disorder (DID) DEFINITION 124 : disorder in which two or more distinct, unique personalities occur in the same person, and there is severe memory disruption concerning personal information about the other personalities. TERM 125 Facts of DID DEFINITION 125 Extremely rare! Changing from one personality to another is suddenly and usually during stress. Host personality: the personality in charge most of the time. Alter personalities: the other personalities that the person takes on. Usually begins in early childhood but is rarely diagnosed before adolescence. More prevalent in women! TERM 126 Personality disorders DEFINITION 126 A long-standing, inflexible, maladaptive pattern of behaving and relating to others, which usually begins in early childhood or adolescence. TERM 127 Cluster A odd behavior: Paranoid personality disorder DEFINITION 127 : display extreme suspiciousness; mistrustful. TERM 128 Cluster A odd behavior: Schizoid personality disorder DEFINITION 128 : isolate themselves from others and appear to be unable to form emotional bonds; withdrawn TERM 129 Cluster A odd behavior: Schizotypal personality disorder DEFINITION 129 r: often mistakenly diagnosed with schizophrenia because their odd appearance, unusual thought patterns, and lack of social skills are also symptoms of schizophrenia. TERM 130 Cluster B DEFINITION 130 erratic, overly dramatic behavior; increased risk of suicide. TERM 131 Cluster B: Narcissistic personality disorder DEFINITION 131 : needs admiration; has an exaggerated sense of self- importance; lack of concern for others. TERM 132 Cluster B: Histrionic personality disorder DEFINITION 132 : individual seeks attention and approval; manipulative. TERM 133 Cluster B: Borderline personality disorder DEFINITION 133 : highly unstable; fear of abandonment is the primary theme; cling to those that they feel affection for; have negative thoughts about themselves; harm themselves in bizarre ways. TERM 134 Cluster B: Antisocial personality disorder DEFINITION 134 : violate others rights and display little or no remorse for their actions; when children and teenagers are diagnosed with this, it is usually called a conduct disorder; they do not comprehend the emotional significance of words and images TERM 135 Cluster C DEFINITION 135 : fearful or anxious behaviors TERM 146 Dream analysis DEFINITION 146 : uncovering the symbolic meaning behind dreams. TERM 147 Transference DEFINITION 147 psychoanalysis: : an emotional reaction that occurs during psychoanalysis, in which the patient displays feelings and attitudes toward the analyst that were present in another significant relationship. They used the analyst as a substitute for the real problem and therefore it resolves any hidden conflicts. TERM 148 Typical duration of traditional psychoanalysis DEFINITION 148 - Traditional psychoanalysis requires patients to participate in multiple sessions each week and can last for years.- Brief psychodynamic therapy may only require one or two visits per week for as few as 12-20 weeks. TERM 149 Interpersonal therapy (IPT) DEFINITION 149 : a brief psychotherapy designed to help depressed people better understand and cope with problems relating to their interpersonal relationships. TERM 150 interpersonal problems: Unusual or severe responses to the death of a loved one DEFINITION 150 the therapist and patient discuss the patients relationship with the deceased person and feelings that may be associated with the death. TERM 151 interpersonal problems: Interpersonal role disputes DEFINITION 151 the therapist helps the patient to understand others points of view and to explore options for bringing about change TERM 152 interpersonal problems: Difficulty in adjusting to role transitions, such as divorce, career change, and retirement DEFINITION 152 patients are helped to see the change not as a threat but as a challenge that they can master and an opportunity for growth. TERM 153 interpersonal problems: Deficits in interpersonal skills DEFINITION 153 through role-playing and analysis of the patients communication style, the therapist tries to help the patient develop the interpersonal skills necessary to initiate and sustain relationships. TERM 154 Humanistic therapies DEFINITION 154 : assume that people have the ability and freedom to lead rational lives and make rational choices. Unconditional positive regard; fully-functioning client. TERM 155 Person-centered therapy DEFINITION 155 a nondirective, humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist creates an accepting climate and shows empathy, freeing clients to be themselves and releasing their natural tendency toward self-actualization. --- Most frequently used!--- People are innately good and if they are let develop naturally then they will grow toward self-actualization (the realization of their inner potential.)--- Non-directive therapy: the client controls the session. TERM 156 Gestalt Therapy DEFINITION 156 A therapy that was originated by Fritz Perls and that emphasizes the importance of clients fully experiencing, in the present moment, their feelings, thoughts, and action and then taking responsibility for them. wants patients to become more self-accepting. TERM 157 Directive therapy DEFINITION 157 : therapist takes an active role in determining the course of therapy sessions and provides answer and suggestions to the patient TERM 158 Relationship therapies DEFINITION 158 therapies that attempt to improve patients interpersonal relationships or create new relationships to support patients efforts to address psychological problems. TERM 159 Family therapy DEFINITION 159 : Therapies involving an entire family, with the goal of helping family members reach agreement on changes that will help heal the family unit, improve communication problems, and create more understanding and harmony.--- Most favorable setting for treating problem behaviors. TERM 160 Group therapy DEFINITION 160 : A form of therapy in which several clients (usually 7-10) meet regularly with one of more therapists to resolve personal problems. Less expensive && more support. TERM 171 Classical conditioning: Aversion therapy DEFINITION 171 an aversive stimulus is paired with a harmful or socially undesirable behavior until the behavior becomes associated with pain or discomfort.--- electric shock, emetics (causes vomiting), and other unpleasant stimuli are used. TERM 172 Classical conditioning: Participant modeling DEFINITION 172 therapy in which an appropriate response to a feared stimulus is modeled in graduated steps and the client attempts to imitate the model step by step, encouraged and supported by the therapist. ; specific phobias can be cured very quickly. TERM 173 Cognitive therapies DEFINITION 173 : therapies that assume maladaptive behavior can result from irrational thoughts, beliefs, and ideas. TERM 174 Becks Cognitive Therapy DEFINITION 174 Claims that much of the misery endured by a depressed and anxious person can be traced to automatic thoughts (unreasonable but unquestioned thoughts that rule a persons life.) Cognitive therapy: help clients stop their negative thoughts as they occur and replace them with more objective thoughts. treats panic disorder/depression. TERM 175 Ellis Cognitive Therapy DEFINITION 175 Developed rational emotive behavior therapy (designed to challenge clients irrational beliefs about themselves and others.) ABC theory A= activating event ; B= persons belief about the event ; C= emotional consequence that follows.--- Ellis claims that it is not the event itself that causes the emotional consequence, but rather the persons belief about the event. (A does not cause C B causes C!!) TERM 176 Antipsychotics (AKA neuroleptics) DEFINITION 176 = Schizophrenia Purpose control hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior. Work by inhibiting the activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Atypical neuroleptics treat the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. --- Target dopamine and serotonin receptors TERM 177 Antidepressants DEFINITION 177 Mood elevators for those who are depressed and also those who have certain anxiety disorders. TERM 178 Antidepressants: First generation tricyclics DEFINITION 178 --- block uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the axon terminals, thus enhancing the action of these neurotransmitters in the synapses.--- unpleasant side effects: sedation, dizziness, nervousness, fatigue, dry mouth, forgetfulness, and weight gain TERM 179 Antidepressants: Second generation selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) DEFINITION 179 --- block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin, increasing its availability at the synapses in the brain.--- fewer side effects and are safer than tricyclics.--- can cause sexual dysfunction. TERM 180 Antidepressants : Third generation monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO) DEFINITION 180 --- blocks the action of an enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapses, MAO inhibitors increase the availability of these neurotransmitters.--- usually prescribed to depressed patients who do not respond to other antidepressants; treat social phobia and panic disorder. TERM 181 Lithium and anticonvulsant drugs DEFINITION 181 a. Lithium wonder drug for those with bipolar disorder.b. Anticonvulsant drugs just as effective at treating bipolar disorder with fewer side effects. TERM 182 Anti-Anxiety Drugs DEFINITION 182 Tranquilizersused to treat anxiety; benzodiazepines (family of minor tranquilizers) are the most prescribed psychoactive drug. Also treats panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. TERM 183 ECT today DEFINITION 183 - Electroconvulsive therapy: electric current is administered to the right hemisphere only, and the procedure is called unilateral ECT.- Today, patients are given anesthesia, controlled oxygenation, and a muscle relaxant.- Changes the biochemical balance in the brain which lifts depression.- rTMS (rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation) not invasive in any way; very similar to ECT and it is much more acceptable by the public. TERM 184 Drawback of psychosurgery DEFINITION 184 - The results are unpredictable and the consequences positive or negative are irreversible. TERM 185 Psychologist DEFINITION 185 a mental health professional that possesses a doctoral degree in psychology. TERM 196 Long term use of antipsychotic drugs can lead to: DEFINITION 196 Tardic Dyskinesia TERM 197 Freuds primary motivating force of nature: DEFINITION 197 Unconscious TERM 198 Assigning the feelings you truly have to someone else: DEFINITION 198 projection TERM 199 Wonder drug for bipolar disorder: DEFINITION 199 Lithium TERM 200 A psychiatrist with a biological perspective would prescribe this to patients: DEFINITION 200 Drugs TERM 201 Reason Freuds theory has been criticized: DEFINITION 201 Theories involved too much sex & unconscious TERM 202 Excessive worry or constant fear: DEFINITION 202 Generalized Anxiety Disorder TERM 203 Class of drugs to treat schizophrenia: DEFINITION 203 Anti-psychotics TERM 204 Psychotherapy that used knowledge of clients cultural background to guide treatment choice: DEFINITION 204 Culturally sensitive therapy TERM 205 According to Ellis, what causes depression: DEFINITION 205 Belief that you have about the event TERM 206 Ink blots are of what category of personality test: DEFINITION 206 Projection test TERM 207 According to Jung, these are inherited tendencies to respond to situations that are universal to all humans: DEFINITION 207 Archetypes TERM 208 The first stage of Freuds psychosexual development: DEFINITION 208 Oral TERM 209 What your parents are setting up if they are going to be disappointed if you become anything except a doctor: DEFINITION 209 Conditions of worth TERM 210 A paranoid person who believes he is Napoleon: DEFINITION 210 Schizophrenia