Emotional Regulation and Development Across the Lifespan: A Comprehensive Overview, Quizzes of Developmental Psychology

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TERM 1 Stranger anxiety DEFINITION 1 infants fear andwariness of strangers; intense between 9 and12 mos TERM 2 Primary emotions (0-18mos) DEFINITION 2 Infant Crying Infant Smiling Fear Stranger Anxiety, separationprotest TERM 3 Stranger Protest DEFINITION 3 crying whencaregiver leaves, peeks around 15 months TERM 4 Fear DEFINITION 4 Appears at 6mths, peeks at 18 months TERM 5 Emotional Regulation DEFINITION 5 Effectively managing arousal to adaptand reach a goal Involves state of alertness or activation States can be too high for effectivefunctioning TERM 6 Involves state of alertness or activation States can be too high for effective DEFINITION 6 emotional regulation TERM 7 Self-Conscious Emotions DEFINITION 7 Pride, shame, and guilt First appear about age 2 Gender and behavioral differences exist Ability to reflect on emotions increases with age Emotional regulation affects peer relation TERM 8 Social Referencing DEFINITION 8 Reading emotional cues in others tohelp determine how to act in a specificsituation Ability improves in second year of life TERM 9 Many 14- to 22-month-olds look at mothers face as source DEFINITION 9 Social Referencing TERM 10 Adolescent emotion DEFINITION 10 Time of emotional turmoil but not constantly Emotional changes instantly occur with littleprovocation TERM 21 Sex DEFINITION 21 designates the biological aspects ofbeing female or male TERM 22 Gender stereotyping DEFINITION 22 Broad categories that reflect ourimpressions and beliefs about femalesand males TERM 23 Gender stereotyping DEFINITION 23 Traditional masculinity and femininity Males instrumental Females expressive Stereotyping varies with culture Stereotyping of occupations TERM 24 Physical differences in females DEFINITION 24 - have longer life expectancy less likely to develop mental orphysical disorders TERM 25 Physical differences in males DEFINITION 25 have higher levels of stress hormonescausing faster clotting and higher bloodpressure TERM 26 Female brain DEFINITION 26 smaller, more foldsmore activity in emotional expression* (cognitive)- better OVERALL SUPERIOR TO BOYS-girls better at reading and writing- verbal skills TERM 27 Male brain DEFINITION 27 -Part of hypothalamus involved in sexual behavior is larger in men Area of parietal lobe functioning in visuospatial skills is larger in males*(cognitive)-better at math and visiospatial skills TERM 28 Bem Sex-Role Inventory (& androgyny) DEFINITION 28 Instrumental, expressive traitsContext influencing gender role is adaptiveAndrogynypresence of masculine and feminine characteristics in same individual TERM 29 Aggression (Male and females) DEFINITION 29 Males more physically aggressive in all cultures Females more verbally aggressive; use relational aggression more than men TERM 30 Self-Regulation DEFINITION 30 Males show less self-regulation, can lead to behavioral problems Controversies over psychological differences TERM 31 Gender-intensification hypothesis DEFINITION 31 Psychological and behavioral differencesbetween boys and girls become greaterduring early adolescence TERM 32 Gender-intensification hypothesis DEFINITION 32 Increased socialization pressures toconform to traditional gender roles Mixed messages and special problem TERM 33 Parental imperative DEFINITION 33 Mothers and fathers adopt different genderroles so they can raise children moreeffectively Older women face double jeopardy ofageism and sexism Older men become more feminine, lessactive, and more sensitive in relationship TERM 34 Cultural factors (sex) DEFINITION 34 Range of sexual values across cultures issubstantialSexual scripts Traditional religious script sex is acceptedonly within marriage; sex is for reproduction and sometimes affectionRomantic script TERM 35 How do we classify sexual orientation? By group or on a continuum? DEFINITION 35 continuum TERM 46 Extraversion DEFINITION 46 E: scores hi: outgoing, fun, sociable. Low: more reserved - Sociable or retiring - Fun loving TERM 47 Agreeableness DEFINITION 47 A: how trusting and helping you are. Hi: soft hearted, low:- Softhearted or ruthless-Trusting or suspicious-Helpful or uncooperative TERM 48 Neuroticism DEFINITION 48 N: tend to get stress out, worry about themselves (not conceded), score low = calm and secure - Calm or anxious - Secure or insecure - Self satisfied or self-pitying TERM 49 Stability and Change: Personality (males and females) DEFINITION 49 -Many longitudinal studies have found evidence for both change and stability in personality in adulthood -Similar to intelligence: some potential for change, but mostly stable - Many ppl in 20s are still changing, by 30 = stability TERM 50 What age does personality stabilize? DEFINITION 50 30 TERM 51 Mediating factors of divorce DEFINITION 51 - Physical health - Mental health - Family support - Individual approach (personality, emotionality) - Life stage/context - Sociohistorical context: personality change, shift to less agreeable could change personality. TERM 52 Could lead to personality change DEFINITION 52 Physical health-Mental health-Family support-Individual approach (personality, emotionality)-Life stage/context- Sociohistorical context: personality change, shift to less agreeable TERM 53 Meta analysis DEFINITION 53 Baltimore Study on Big 5 (ages 20-96) - Relative stability (became stable) - Conscientiousness increased through midlife and late life (older adults are typically harder working) TERM 54 Meta analysis on personality change vs. stability DEFINITION 54 87 studies, ages 10-101 Social dominance increased adol- midlife Social vitality increased adol, then decreasedyoung- late adulthood Agreeableness and Conscientiousness increase TERM 55 Young midlife personality DEFINITION 55 Neuroticism decreased in Young Adult Openness increased adol-young adulthood anddecreased late life TERM 56 Cumulative Personality Model DEFINITION 56 With time and age, people become more adept atinteracting with environment in ways that promotestability TERM 57 Overall, personality is affected by DEFINITION 57 Social contexts New experiences Sociohistorical change TERM 58 Personality and Mortality DEFINITION 58 - Rare to see 70 year olds with unstable personality, should be content and not all over the place, they wouldve scored in the 90th percentile meaning highly anxious, and risk of death doubled - Longer you work, the longer you live (could mean better health: cause and effect problem) TERM 59 Authoritarian DEFINITION 59 - little acceptance and little involvement - (authoritarian: TAR= is gross negative) - not as likely to accept your choices - if they say you can do it, they arent really involved - Very much control, but not a lot of involvement - You do as I say type of idea (little autonomy granting) TERM 60 4 types of parenting DEFINITION 60 AuthoritarianPermissiveUninvolvedAuthoritative TERM 71 advantages for single life DEFINITION 71 26 is average age of marriage; 30% are single in 30s - Freedom to make own decisions, time, money (advantages) - - Our county has highest rate of single parents (25%) TERM 72 Is cohabitation on the incline or decline? DEFINITION 72 Rise: living together before marriage Tend to be short lived TERM 73 Cohabiting Adults DEFINITION 73 Living together in a romantic relationship in the same house hold- on the incline TERM 74 What are some characteristics of cohabitating couples? Are they more or less likely to become married or divorce? DEFINITION 74 Cohabitation lasts less than 2 years: typically break up, less than 5% without marriage Likelihood of getting married in those 2 years is increased is marriage plans are already discussed TERM 75 What are some advantages and disadvantages of cohabitation? DEFINITION 75 Advantages: making sure you want to spend the rest of your life with them, $$$, Disadvantages: divorce if cohabitate 40%, do not cohabitate is 30% TERM 76 age of 26 DEFINITION 76 average age for marriage TERM 77 How are gay and lesbian adult relationships similar and/or different from heterosexual relationships? DEFINITION 77 satisfactionslove needslesbos typically not opensimmilar are needed to balance as heterosexual couples TERM 78 What are some negative effects on mental health as a result of divorce? DEFINITION 78 Stress of separation and divorce pose risks for psychological and physical difficulties - Psychiatric disorders and hospital admission - Clinical depression and alcoholism - Psychosomatic disordersConcern of custodial and non- custodial parents-- TERM 79 effect of divorce on children DEFINITION 79 - More likely to show poorer adjustment - Who are socially mature and responsible show few behavioral problems - With difficult temperament often have problems coping with divorce TERM 80 divorce adjustment improves with children if DEFINITION 80 - Conflicts reduced by divorce - Parents harmonious and authoritative Maintain normal life of child TERM 81 average marriage before divorce DEFINITION 81 if it happens it usually happens in early marriage : 60% chance TERM 82 step families and children DEFINITION 82 - Show more adjustment problems - In simple families adjust better - Show fewer depressive symptoms over time TERM 83 Remarried Adults DEFINITION 83 Complex histories and multiple relationships make adjustment difficult - Only 1/3 stepfamily couples stay remarried (60% chance of divorce in early marriage) TERM 84 52% of women 65-74 married, 25% 75-84 | 77% of men 65-74 married, 71% 75-84 | why? DEFINITION 84 Most important relationship for older adults - late life relationships-mostly happy, fewer problems- great deal of intimacy TERM 85 gender differences in late life DEFINITION 85 Just being married has protective health effects for zmen ., the marriage must include: However, for womenHusbands who said their marriage was satisfying Husbands who are happy, energetic, and fu