Mandatory Penalties and Criminal Justice: Definitions and Implications, Quizzes of Criminal procedure

Download Mandatory Penalties and Criminal Justice: Definitions and Implications and more Quizzes Criminal procedure in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 what are forms of mandatory penalties? DEFINITION 1 -laws specifying minimum prison sentences for designated violent crimes-law requiring incremental penalties to be imposed on convicted offenders meeting certain criteria-laws mandating short jail time for DUI offenses TERM 2 What are not following justifications for mandatory penalties is supported by empirical research? DEFINITION 2 -mandatory penalties ensure evenhandedness: every offender who does the crime will do the same time- mandatory penalties deter would-be criminals from committing crime because of the certainty in punishment- mandatory penalties are transparent TERM 3 what is likely to happen when mandatory penalties are viewed by prosecutors as too severe? DEFINITION 3 -prosecutors sidestep the laws by either not filing charges associated with the mandatory penalty or dismiss the charges during plea negations TERM 4 the process by which judges/juries refuse to enforce laws or apply penalties considered to be unjust is known as? DEFINITION 4 -nullification TERM 5 the U.S. sentencing commission's report found that mandatory penalties? DEFINITION 5 -result in higher trail rates and lengthened case processing times TERM 6 compared to the rest of the world, US mandatories are not? DEFINITION 6 -less rigid-less severe-have more "exceptional circumstance" exceptions TERM 7 according to blumstein, why are 3 strike laws a misguided approach to crime prevention? DEFINITION 7 -not all offenders are rational, so they won't respond to the threat of a long-term prison sentence TERM 8 Why is it so difficult to empirically test deterrent effects? DEFINITION 8 -we know very little about the relation between short-and long- term deterrent effects-the relationship between risk perceptions and sanctions is not well understood TERM 9 which of the following is a normative argument against mandatory penalties? DEFINITION 9 -b/c of their inflexibility, mandatory penalties sometimes results in sentences that are unjustly severe in some individual cases TERM 10 according to Tonry, what should be done to "undo the harm" of mandatory penalties? DEFINITION 10 -make mandatory penalties presumptive-enact "sunset" clauses-narrow the scope of mandatory penalty laws TERM 21 a halfway house is most closely associated with which one of these models of incarceration? DEFINITION 21 -reintegration TERM 22 contemporary prison society is divided along? DEFINITION 22 -social subgroups-ethnic subgroups-gang subgroups TERM 23 how does the modern prison system differ from prisons in the past? DEFINITION 23 -characteristics of the inmate population have changed- prisons are less isolated from the outside world-focus has moved from rehabilitation to incarceration TERM 24 most correctional institutions mainly follow? DEFINITION 24 -the custodial model TERM 25 what is the inmate code? DEFINITION 25 -the norms and values that develop in the prison social system TERM 26 which of the following is true regarding differences between male/ female prisoners and prison life? DEFINITION 26 -men bond together in prison gangs, whereas women bond by forming surrogate families TERM 27 "get tough" sentencing policies are a contributing factor to? DEFINITION 27 -the aging prison population-the increase in long-term prisoners TERM 28 why are prison administrators generally in favor of prison programs? DEFINITION 28 -programs detract from the idleness of serving time, thereby reducing tensions among inmates TERM 29 decreasing prisoner violence can be parlay accomplished by? DEFINITION 29 -changing the architecture and size of prisons TERM 30 what is true regarding the "typical" characteristics of state inmates? DEFINITION 30 -caucasian males between the ages of 25-44 TERM 31 who is credited with laying the "groundwork" for modern day parole? DEFINITION 31 -Captain E. Machonochie-Sir W. Crofton-Zebulon Brockway TERM 32 what roles are parole officers expected to fulfill? DEFINITION 32 -cop-social worker TERM 33 what statement is most accurate concerning parole? DEFINITION 33 -a form of supervised release after having served a portion of a prison sentence TERM 34 what happens when a prisoner receives an expiration release? DEFINITION 34 -they are released from prison without further correctional supervision TERM 35 the earliest form of parole employed? DEFINITION 35 -tickets of leave TERM 46 how does intensive supervision probation (ISP) differ from traditional probation (TP)? DEFINITION 46 -ISP requires frequent face-to-face contact and higher restrictions compared to TP TERM 47 net widening? DEFINITION 47 -is a consequence of intermediate sanctions-is the process in which new sentencing options increases control over offenders' lives-can occur when a judge imposes a more intrusive sentence than usual TERM 48 what intermediate sanction can be imposed during the pretrial period, after a short term in jail, or as a condition of probation or parole? DEFINITION 48 -electronic monitoring TERM 49 one criticism of __ is that "the emphasis on physical training ignored offenders real problems" DEFINITION 49 -shock incarceration-boot camps TERM 50 which type of intermediate sanction is administered by the judiciary? DEFINITION 50 -forfeiture TERM 51 how many adults are in jail or prison? DEFINITION 51 -1 in 100 TERM 52 recommendations to reduce the productivity losses associated with serving time included? DEFINITION 52 -utilization of earned-time credit-use alternative sanctions- proactively reconnect former inmates to the labor market TERM 53 what factor contributed to the prison population growth? DEFINITION 53 -changes in sentencing policies TERM 54 even if employers wanted to higher former inmates, what might prevent them from doing so? DEFINITION 54 -legal and financial liabilities TERM 55 how many children in the US have a parent in jail or prison? DEFINITION 55 -1 in 28 TERM 56 what statements reflect the collateral consequences of incarceration? DEFINITION 56 -the average child's family income falls by nearly 25% compared with that of the year preceding the father's incarceration-23% of children with an incarcerated father have been suspended/ expelled from school compared to 4% of children whose father hasn't been incarcerated-past incarceration reduces subsequent yearly earnings by 40% TERM 57 what statement is true? DEFINITION 57 -incarceration-above and beyond arrest and conviction- negatively affects individual economic prospects TERM 58 the term to describe the impact of incarceration on the inmate's future as well as the impact of incarceration on his or her loved one is? DEFINITION 58 -collateral costs TERM 59 why is it important for returning prisoners to find and keep legitimate employment? DEFINITION 59 -the are less likely to recidivate-they are less likely to pay restitution to their victims-they are likely to provide financial support to their children TERM 60 why is it important to focus on efforts on the reentry process? DEFINITION 60 -b/c between 90-95% of all inmates will be released back into the community TERM 71 what statement regarding the death penalty is true? DEFINITION 71 -the supreme court suspended its sue from 1968 to 1976 b/c of concerns regarding its constitutionality and public polls showing opposition to it-in gregg v. georgia, the supreme court decided that the death penalty is not a violation of the 8th amendment-prisoners sentenced to death typically wait several years b/c of the appeals process TERM 72 which supreme court cases limits the scope of the death penalty? DEFINITION 72 -atkins versus virginia-roper versus simmons TERM 73 potential jurors who strongly oppose the death penalty can be dismissed from jury duty during what process? DEFINITION 73 -voir dire TERM 74 to help prevent sentencing innocent persons to death, the courts should? DEFINITION 74 -use scientific evidence to determine guilt TERM 75 before imposing DP, judge/jury must consider aggravating circumstances of the case. What process does this occur? DEFINITION 75 -the punishment phase TERM 76 over which of the following cases would a juvenile court typically have a jurisdiction? DEFINITION 76 -a 15 year old accused of stealing a car-a 13 year old who has not been attending school-a 6 year old who has been abandoned by her parents TERM 77 the fault decision? DEFINITION 77 -granted juveniles the right to an attorney-allows juveniles to confront and cross-examine witnesses-granted juveniles the right to appeal their case TERM 78 a juvenile court waiver? DEFINITION 78 -permits a juvenile to be tried as an adult TERM 79 the juvenile equivalent of a criminal trial is called? DEFINITION 79 -an adjudication hearing TERM 80 the disposition most commonly used by the juvenile court is? DEFINITION 80 -probation TERM 81 what concept laid the groundwork for the development of our juvenile justice system? DEFINITION 81 -parens patriae TERM 82 the process of screening juveniles out of the system without a decision is called a? DEFINITION 82 -diversion TERM 83 acts such as smoking (cigarettes) and truancy that are not criminal when committed by adults are called? DEFINITION 83 -status offenses TERM 84 which juvenile justice period reflects the recognition that juveniles are less culpable than adults? DEFINITION 84 -kids are different period TERM 85 throughout the US the upper age limit for juvenile court jurisdiction typically caries between? DEFINITION 85 -16 and 18 years of age