Final Review | GEOG 1403 - Biogeography of the Global Garden, Quizzes of Geography

Download Final Review | GEOG 1403 - Biogeography of the Global Garden and more Quizzes Geography in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Area with most ecological biodiversity DEFINITION 1 The species richness of plant life varies geographically significanlly. The most richness is found in the Amazon, Central America, and Eurasian islands. TERM 2 Propagule DEFINITION 2 any part of a plant that is used to create new plants. Seeds and other propagules are often transported accidentally by waterfowl and other birds. TERM 3 Characteristics of pioneer species DEFINITION 3 1. High growth rates2. Smaller size3. High degree of dispersal4. Rapid population growh TERM 4 Characteristics of late-successional species DEFINITION 4 1. Slow growth rates2. Large sizes3. Low rates of dispersal4. Slow population growth TERM 5 Island living DEFINITION 5 There can be a lot of biodiversity on islands and volcanoes. The source is the mainland, and the island is the target. The two factors of biodiversity on islands and volcanoes are extinction and ecological colonization. TERM 6 Components of ecological colonization DEFINITION 6 Number of species arriving locally and the number of species going extinct locally TERM 7 Interspecific competition DEFINITION 7 When two different species compete for the same resource. This happens on islands and volcanoes because resources are particularly limited. TERM 8 DEFINITION 8 Graph of species richness and rate of immigration TERM 9 DEFINITION 9 Graph of species richness and rate of species going extinct TERM 10 The theory of island biogeography DEFINITION 10 The number of species found on an undisturbed island is determined by the balance between immigration and extinction. TERM 21 Phenology DEFINITION 21 The study of timing of recurring biological events, their relationship to biotic and abiotic forces, and the inter- relations among phases of the same or different species. Changes in phenology can influence predator-prey relations and population dynamics. TERM 22 DEFINITION 22 Phonological calendar of trees Dormancy Bud break Leaf out Flowers visible Fruit Drop Every tree has its own phonological calender. For example, lilacs bloom at very different times. TERM 23 Dormancy DEFINITION 23 The buds of most temperate trees are protected by a covering of scales during the dormant period. TERM 24 Bud break DEFINITION 24 A leaf bud is considered "breaking" once a green leaf tip is visible at the end of the bud. TERM 25 Leaf out DEFINITION 25 A leaf is considered "unfolded" once its stalk or bases is visible out of the bud. TERM 26 Flowers visible DEFINITION 26 For bur oak, the male flowers hang loosely from the branch are called catkins. TERM 27 Fruit drop occurs DEFINITION 27 Fruit drop occurs when mature acorns are ripened and have dropped rom the tree TERM 28 Why timing matters DEFINITION 28 Phenology governs population dynamics Phenology affects human health Phenology shows us how nature changes TERM 29 The black-throated green warbler and Eastern Spruce Budworm DEFINITION 29 They know it's time to migrate north because of the length of daylight, not the weather. Their primary prey is Eastern spruce budworm, who only care about temperature because they don't migrate. TERM 30 Photoperiod DEFINITION 30 The length of time each day when a location receives illumination from the sun. TERM 31 Synchrony and asynchrony DEFINITION 31 Synchrony and asychrony are how pheological calendars line up. Synchrony favors black-throated green warblers, and asynchrony favors Eastern Spruce Budworm. TERM 32 Phenology effects on human health DEFINITION 32 Allergies cost US economy $21B each year At least 10% of the population is allergic to ragweed For every two extra days of frost-free weather, expect three more days of hayfever season TERM 33 Drought DEFINITION 33 A drought refers to an extended period of time when wa region receives substantially less moisture than it does in most years. Drought is the most costly natural disaster to affect the United States. TERM 34 Drought Index DEFINITION 34 Tries to balance precipitation (supply) and evapotranspiration (demand). 0 is normal moisture Negative numbers is when there is some drought, lower river flow, and crop production can start to fail TERM 35 Time series DEFINITION 35 A time series is a series of data points measured consecutively at regular intervals in time. The difference between it and a climograph is that climographs show how things do on average, while time series shows change over time. TERM 46 Flood of Record DEFINITION 46 The highest recorded elevation of any known flood at a given location TERM 47 What causes severe Red River floods? DEFINITION 47 Weather & climate -- A lot of snow. Red River is the only river that flows north. Snow melts in the south earlier than in the north. Geology & natural history -- One of the only rivers that flows north. Snow melts in the south earlier than in the north. Red River also sits on glacial Lake Aggasiz. TERM 48 Recurrence Interval DEFINITION 48 (n+1)/m(numbers of years on record + 1)/the number of floods above a certain discharge TERM 49 The 100-year flood DEFINITION 49 Refers to a flood that has a 1% change of being equaled or exceeded in any single yeaer. TERM 50 Flash flooding DEFINITION 50 Places like Arizona where infiltration rates are low are where flash flooding is common. TERM 51 How do communities deal with floods? DEFINITION 51 Infrastructure and Insurance TERM 52 Wildfire DEFINITION 52 A wildfire is an uncontrolled fire in a wilderness or natural area fueled primarily by vegetation TERM 53 Three components of fire..."the triangle" DEFINITION 53 Oxygen Heat -- lightning strikes are the natural ignition source for fires across the planet Fuel -- characterizes the differences between surface and crown fires. Characterizes both the frequency and intensity of fires. TERM 54 Surface fire DEFINITION 54 A surface fire burns low-lying vegetation such as leaf litter, grasses, and small shrubs. They're less intense and usually bigger trees remain. TERM 55 Crown fire DEFINITION 55 A wildfire that burns branches, leaves and woods materail in the crowns of affected trees. It's significantly more intense because it's burning way more biomass TERM 56 Crown of a tree DEFINITION 56 Refers to the branches and leaves extending out from the main trunk TERM 57 DEFINITION 57 Graph of fire frequency and fire severity with elevation and latitude TERM 58 MFI - Mean Fire Interval DEFINITION 58 The average number of years between wildfires in a specific place. Prairie grassland = 5-10 years Coniferous forest = 100-200 years TERM 59 What ecological changes happen after a grassland fire? DEFINITION 59 By promoting succession, wildfires encourage the growth of some plants and suppress the growth of others. TERM 60 Tree survival strategies DEFINITION 60 Survival strategies Some sequoias have bark up to 2 feet thick Some trees such as red pines are self-pruning, meaning their branches are not near the ground. OPPOSITE of Christmas trees Regeneration strategies Jack Pines are a fire-adapted species that only thrive if fires occur regularly TERM 71 Changes in sea ice DEFINITION 71 Amount of solar insolation at the North Pole is extraordinarily seasonal The minimum extent of Arctic sea ice has changed greatly. The minimums keep getting smaller. This matters because the ocean warms up faster because sea ice reflects sunlight. TERM 72 The Northwest Passage DEFINITION 72 A sea route through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It cuts travel time in half. It's never been a major travel route before, though, because of sea ice. TERM 73 Albedo DEFINITION 73 A measure of reflectivity, and describes the fraction of solar energy (shortwave radiation) reflected from the Earth back into space. Snow and ice is very good at reflecting sunlight and has a high albedo. Incoming solar radiation doesn't reflect off water like it does with sea ice. It penetrates through. TERM 74 Albedo DEFINITION 74 Diagram showing the reflection of incoming solar radiation TERM 75 Positive feedback DEFINITION 75 A positive feedback occurs when the output of a system acts in the same direction as the input of the system. 'A' causes 'B' and 'B' causes more of 'A' TERM 76 Sunspots DEFINITION 76 Sunspots are cooler, darker areas on the Sun's surface where energy and light are suppressed by intense magnetic forces. The graph is of a sunspot cycle. TERM 77 Could the warming seen over the last 130 years have been caused by the sun? DEFINITION 77 The SORCE satellite measures the total amount of solar radiation received by the Earth. The Solar constant is not constant. During the last 30 years, the amount of energy received from the sun has not been unusually high. From maximum to minimum, the solar constant only changes by 0.1%. All about more energy in, less energy out. TERM 78 Changes in CO2 levels DEFINITION 78 The Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii collects data about the atmosphere in CO2 concentrations. The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is very seasonal. It has changed significantly. TERM 79 Why is there more and more carbon dioxide int he atmosphere DEFINITION 79 Electricity - 38% Transportation - 32% Industry - 14% TERM 80 Heat trapped and the amount of CO2 DEFINITION 80 The greenhouse effect is a natural and critical element of the Earth's climate. TERM 81 Climate models DEFINITION 81 Sets of sophisticated mathematical equations that simulate the Earth's climate using physics, chemistry, and fluid motion. Accurately predicted that increases in CO2 would cause greatest warming in the Arctic. Scientists predict that by 2100, the average surface temperature of the Earth will increase by 3.2-7.2 F. TERM 82 What factors pushed the bald eagle close to extirpation? DEFINITION 82 The Law of Unintended Consequences DDT TERM 83 The Law of Unintended Consequences DEFINITION 83 Human intervention in complex systems tends to create unanticipated (and sometimes undesirable) outcomes. TERM 84 Biomagnification DEFINITION 84 Biomagnification describes the increasing concentration of organic pollutants and metals upwards along a trophic cascade. TERM 85 Why were bald eagles so vulnerable to the effects of DDT? DEFINITION 85 They're on top of the biomass period Biomagnification TERM 96 Introduced species DEFINITION 96 A species living outside its native range. Two types are deliberate and accidental introductions. Buffel grass and pythons are two accidental introductions. TERM 97 Invasive species DEFINITION 97 An introduced species that has an adverse effect on the economy, the environment, or ecology of their new habitats. TERM 98 Invaders of Minnesota DEFINITION 98 Bighead carp Introduced to the South to clean up fish farms in the South. Flooded, and now they're everywhere. Emerald ash borer TERM 99 4 Habits of highly successful invaders DEFINITION 99 The organism must be able to reproduce frequently and produce many viable offspring. The organism must be able to disperse rapidly away from its original position. The organism must tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions. The organism must have a stable association with humans. TERM 100 Why is Minnesota unique when it comes to energy? DEFINITION 100 It doesn't have any coal, oil, or natural gas. TERM 101 Oil in the USA DEFINITION 101 Majority is domestic consumption. Canada is the largest supplier to us. We are the largest daily oil consumer in the world. TERM 102 Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact DEFINITION 102 Ban on diversions of water from the Basin. TERM 103 Colorado River DEFINITION 103 Supplies almost 30 million people with water. It flows into Lake Mead which helps supply water to Las Vegas and San Diego. TERM 104 Central Arizona Project DEFINITION 104 Canal that diverts water from the Colorado River to communities in central and southern Arizona TERM 105 Colorado River Compact DEFINITION 105 A legal agreement that divides water from the Colorado River between 7 states. Since 1922, the Colorado River has often failed to live up to the states' legal agreement. Water has also dropped greatly in Lake Mead recently. TERM 106 Acre-foot DEFINITION 106 The amount of water required to fill one acre of land to a depth of one foot TERM 107 Why was it necessary to ban diversions of water outside the Great Lakes Watershed? DEFINITION 107 The governors are trying to prevent dry states to somehow get the water.