Ecology Terms: Growth, Yield, Niches, Competition, Impact, Biodiversity, Quizzes of Biology

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TERM 1 Organismal DEFINITION 1 Individual Interactions with their Environment TERM 2 Population DEFINITION 2 Regulating population growth rates and population size TERM 3 Community DEFINITION 3 Interactions among different species in an area TERM 4 Ecosystem DEFINITION 4 Interactions between communities and their environment TERM 5 Global Circulation DEFINITION 5 (Hadley Cells) Air circulation and amount of light TERM 6 Total number of births per unit of time DEFINITION 6 B ____________ change in t TERM 7 Total unit of deaths per unit of time DEFINITION 7 D (deaths per community) ------------------------- Change in t TERM 8 r-selected species DEFINITION 8 Maximize reproductive output and expense of competitive ability -Reproduce early -Many offspring -Little parental care *Good for colonizing newly available habitats TERM 9 K-selected Species DEFINITION 9 Maximize Competitive ability -Reproduce relevely late -Few Offspring -more parental care -good for competing when density-dependent factors and important. TERM 10 rmax DEFINITION 10 (b-d) Represents the maximum per capita growth rate of the population TERM 21 Human Impact= DEFINITION 21 Human Impact= Species Decline TERM 22 Niche DEFINITION 22 Components specifying characteristics for lifestyle TERM 23 Coesistaence DEFINITION 23 -Use of resources (niche) differently -Resource Partitioning - (using different aspects of prey) TERM 24 Competitive exclusion Principle DEFINITION 24 Interspecific competiton leads to a decrese in each species' K TERM 25 Predation DEFINITION 25 A positing/negative interaction in which one organism feeds on another TERM 26 Predation is important for: DEFINITION 26 -Regultion Population size -Community Structure -a force of natural selection (controls prey population) -Kangaroos example, heterogeneity(prey switching) TERM 27 Plants, as prey: DEFINITION 27 evolve their own respocse to predation, and regulate pop size from the bottom up -Physical, chemical defense - Herbivores Respond-The Red Queen TERM 28 Compensatory Morality DEFINITION 28 Death by predation that would have happened even in the absence of predators TERM 29 Mullerian Mimicry DEFINITION 29 Distasteful or harmful species evolve to resemble each other TERM 30 Mimicry DEFINITION 30 An evolved similarity in "appearance" TERM 31 Biotic Factors DEFINITION 31 Niche Differentiation and character displacement can increase species richness TERM 32 Abiotic Factors DEFINITION 32 Environmental gradients(water, nutrients) Disturbances: +Can reduce dominance +favor difference like history characteristics TERM 33 Individualistic Hypothesis DEFINITION 33 Emphasizing abiotic factors Gleason-communities are compsed of species that assemble along the same combination of abiotic gradients TERM 34 Interactive Hypothesis DEFINITION 34 (Biotic) Clements-Communities are tightly interacting groups of species. TERM 35 Redundancey DEFINITION 35 One species does not depend highly on other species TERM 46 Pyramids of Production DEFINITION 46 Always more productive(wider) at the bottom TERM 47 Trophic Efficiency DEFINITION 47 Production at one level/ the production at the bottom TERM 48 Efficiency through the trophic levels DEFINITION 48 about 10% TERM 49 Environmental Stability DEFINITION 49 Higher levels susceptible to disruption at lower levels in the food web. TERM 50 Environmental Complexity DEFINITION 50 More niches means more potential interactions, which may provide redundancy and therefore stabilizing longer food webs TERM 51 What shape are"pools" DEFINITION 51 Boxes -Reservoirs where materials are stored up TERM 52 What shape are "fluxes" DEFINITION 52 Arrows -Flows of materials between pools TERM 53 Habitat Destruction-the greatest threats DEFINITION 53 1. Logging 2. Agriculture/Deforestation 3.Fragmentation 4.Species introduction TERM 54 2 obvious patterns in nature DEFINITION 54 1. Organisms seem to "fit" in their environemtn 2. Groups nested within larger groups TERM 55 Design Aspect (2) DEFINITION 55 Organisms are comples Organisms are functionally integrated TERM 56 Darwim's Design- Natural Selection DEFINITION 56 Variation Struggle Ingeritable Variation Different repreodction based on heritable variation changes in characteristics of the population to better fit area's TERM 57 Does Natural Selection produce perfect adaptations? DEFINITION 57 NO -Evolution tinkers with pre-existing design -Adaptations arising via Natural Selection TERM 58 Homology (a related idea) DEFINITION 58 Structural similarities under different uses more easily explained by community of descent than design - morphology, developmental patterns, genes TERM 59 Vestigial Structure DEFINITION 59 -Shows evidence of past funcetion, but no longer used - Strong evidence against intelligent design TERM 60 Natural Selection: Evolution DEFINITION 60 Change in genetic characteristics of a population over time TERM 71 Phenotype DEFINITION 71 the discernible features of an organism TERM 72 Mendel's Law of Segregation DEFINITION 72 Alleles segregate into different gametes during Meiosis TERM 73 Independent Assortment DEFINITION 73 Genes on different chromosomes or sufficiently far apart on the same chromosome -Alleles segregating independently TERM 74 Incomplete Dominance DEFINITION 74 Heterozygous have intermediate apperance TERM 75 Codominance DEFINITION 75 Seeing both alleles in phenotype TERM 76 can the environment effect the phenotype? DEFINITION 76 -"the norm of reaction" -two siblings growing up in different parts of the world, ending up differently after a number of years TERM 77 Where does variations come from>? DEFINITION 77 Mutations Errors in repair or synthesis unequal crossing over errors in meiosis TERM 78 Point Mutations DEFINITION 78 Substitution Silent-code same amino acid Missense-code for wrong amino acid nonsense- prematurely stop translation insertion/deletion TERM 79 Chromosomal rearrangeents DEFINITION 79 Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation TERM 80 Geonotypic frequency DEFINITION 80 Proportion of the total number of individuals composed of a particular genotype f(AA)=(#AA)/(total number of individuals) TERM 81 Allele Frequancy DEFINITION 81 p= f(A) = (#A alleles)/(#A alleles + # of a alleles) q= f(a) = (#a alleles)/(#A alleles + # of a alleles) p + q = 1 TERM 82 Genetic Drift DEFINITION 82 When reduced to smaller population, diversity is lost TERM 83 Founder Effect DEFINITION 83 A small founding population may have allele frequencies that differ from the parent population purely due to chance TERM 84 Hardy-Weinberg 2 Distinct ways DEFINITION 84 1. Allows you to determine if evolutionary agents are acting, if you know q and p and genotype frequencies 2. Allows you to calculate pa nd q if you are willing to assume the population is in H-W equilibrium TERM 85 H-W assumes no evolutionary agents are acting: DEFINITION 85 No Mutations No Migration No Selection No drift Random Mating TERM 96 Social Interactions Alruistic DEFINITION 96 Actor is harmed, recipient benefits TERM 97 Social Interactions Spiteful DEFINITION 97 Both participants are harmed TERM 98 Relatedness (r) DEFINITION 98 parents/ offspring r= 1/2 Siblings r = 1/2 First Cousins r = 1/8 TERM 99 Kin Selection DEFINITION 99 Ground Squirrels example -Alarming others of danger, putting them selfs in greater danger. TERM 100 Biological Species Concept BSC DEFINITION 100 Potential to interbreed under natural conditions and produce viable, fertile offspring TERM 101 Prezygotic Barriers DEFINITION 101 Prevent formation of a Zygote -anything from preventing individuals of two different species form mating TERM 102 Postzygotic Barrier DEFINITION 102 Prevent development of viable or fertile offspring TERM 103 Habitat Isolation DEFINITION 103 May occupy the same range and be potentially able to hybridize, but prefer different habitats, so never TERM 104 Temporal Isolation DEFINITION 104 May potentially interbreed, but "ready" at different times - Many plants, animals breed at different times TERM 105 Prokaryotes DEFINITION 105 naked DNA -Circular genome -no membrane bound organelles TERM 106 Eukaryotes DEFINITION 106 Nuclear membrane -linear chromosomes -Sex, meiosis TERM 107 Land vs. Water Habitat DEFINITION 107 -Water limitation -Transportation -Support -Reproduction device TERM 108 Why plants left the water DEFINITION 108 -more direct sun -nutrients and minerals on land -initial absence of herbivores/ competitors TERM 109 Two major breakthrough's for land paltns DEFINITION 109 1. Cuticle 2. Enclosed Embryo TERM 110 Early Tracheophyte(ferns) are still limited by: DEFINITION 110 -Presence of a fragile gametophyte stage -reliance on water for reproduction TERM 121 Types of Behavior Fixed action patterns DEFINITION 121 -little variation -Species Specific -Continued to completion - Triggered by a rleaser (hardwired) TERM 122 Types of Behavior Conditional Strategies DEFINITION 122 -More complicated and flexible -Sex change in wrasses - Depends on conditions TERM 123 Unwelt DEFINITION 123 A description of the sensory world of the organism (cows and deer mostly facing North + South) TERM 124 Proximate DEFINITION 124 How a behavior occurs, and what triggers it TERM 125 Ultimate Explanation DEFINITION 125 Adaptive value, or other explanation for its origin TERM 126 Isolations causes: DEFINITION 126 Dispersal to islands interrupts gene flow promoting speciation TERM 127 Species number on an island reflects equilibrium between: DEFINITION 127 Immigration and Extinction TERM 128 For a given island: Immigration DEFINITION 128 Decreases as species number increases TERM 129 For a given island: Extinction DEFINITION 129 Increases as species number increases TERM 130 Islands and equilibrium-size due to: Immigration DEFINITION 130 Higher on large islands than on small islands -island is easier to find TERM 131 Islands and equilibrium-size due to: Extinction DEFINITION 131 Lower on large islands than on small islands -more habitat variety, protection... TERM 132 Larger islands have a larger or smaller equilibrium number of species? DEFINITION 132 Larger TERM 133 Parasites DEFINITION 133 -Depend on haost to complete life cycle -Often have comples life cycles -Often are specialized to one or a few hosts TERM 134 Parasite Transmission Direct DEFINITION 134 -Relies on one host to carry the parasite to a new host (LICE) TERM 135 Parasite Transmission Indirect DEFINITION 135 -An intermediate stage of the life cycle that facilitates reproduction and transmision (MALARIA)