Final Review Terms | SCMH 1010 - CONCEPTS OF SCIENCE, Quizzes of Mathematics

Download Final Review Terms | SCMH 1010 - CONCEPTS OF SCIENCE and more Quizzes Mathematics in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Scientific Method DEFINITION 1 A continuous process used to collect observations, form and test hypotheses, make predictions, and identify patterns in the physical world TERM 2 Hypothesis DEFINITION 2 a proposed explanation for an observable phenomenon. TERM 3 Theory DEFINITION 3 well-substantiated explanatory description of the world based on a large number of independently verified observational and experimental tests TERM 4 Falsifiable DEFINITION 4 a property of the scientific method that states that every theory and law of nature is subject to change, based on new observations TERM 5 Prediction DEFINITION 5 a guess about how a particular system will behave, followed by observations to see if the system did behave as expected within a specified range of situations TERM 6 Funding for Science DEFINITION 6 Half is for defense. And of the other half the National Institute of Health gets the most;The federal government does most of it TERM 7 Ockham's Razor DEFINITION 7 When confronted with phenomena in a physical world, we should accept the most straightforward and reasonable explanation as the most likely TERM 8 Ptolemy DEFINITION 8 o The Earth was the center o 150 AD proposed the first plausible explanation for celestial motionthe motion of the spheres circular orbits TERM 9 Copernicus DEFINITION 9 Heliocentric theory o A polish cleric who turned the Ptolemaic system and our view of the cosmos with On the Revolution of the Spheres 1543 circular orbits TERM 10 Tycho Brahe DEFINITION 10 o The quadrant-a large sloping device recording each position as two angles; determined position of each star or planet o Collected a lot of data TERM 21 Power DEFINITION 21 the rate at which work is done or energy is expended; the amount of work done, divided by the time it takes to do it; measured in watts in the metric system, horsepower in English TERM 22 Joule's experiment DEFINITION 22 demonstrated that heat is another form of energy by showing that the kinetic energy of a paddle wheel is transferred to thermal energy of the agitated water TERM 23 Mass as Energy DEFINITION 23 every object at rest contains potential energy equivalent to the product of its mass times a constant, which is the speed of light squared TERM 24 First Law of Thermodynamics DEFINITION 24 In an isolated system the total amount of energy, including heat, is conserved. TERM 25 Heat DEFINITION 25 form of energy that moves from a warmer object to a cooler object; energy in motion TERM 26 Temperature DEFINITION 26 compares how vigorously atoms in a substance are moving and colliding in different substances TERM 27 Boiling Points, Freezing Points and Absolute Zero DEFINITION 27 373K, 100C, 212F 273K, 0C, 32F 0K, -273C, -460F TERM 28 Specific Heat Capacity DEFINITION 28 measure of the ability of a material to absorb heat and is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of that material by 1 degree C TERM 29 Heat Transfer Mechanisms DEFINITION 29 Conduction-the movement of heat by collisions between vibrating atoms or molecules Convection-the transfer of hear by the physical motion of masses of fluid; dense, cooler fluids descend in bulk and displace rising warmer fluids, which are less dense Radiation-the transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation; only one that does not require atoms or molecules to facilitate the process TERM 30 Second Law of Thermodynamics DEFINITION 30 1. heat will not flow spontaneously from a colder to a hotter body 2. it is impossible to construct a machine that does nothing but convert heat into useful work 3. the entropy of an isolated system always increases TERM 31 Entropy DEFINITION 31 thermodynamic quantity that describes the degree of randomness of a system; the greater disorder or randomness, the high the statistical probability of the state, the hight the ______ TERM 32 Efficiency DEFINITION 32 The amount of work you get from an engine, divided by the amount of energy you put in; a quantification of the loss of useful energy TERM 33 Coulomb's Law DEFINITION 33 The force between any two electrically charged objects is proportional to the product of their charges divided by the square of the distance between them TERM 34 Electric Circuit DEFINITION 34 an unbroken path of material that carries electricity TERM 35 Michael Faraday DEFINITION 35 he found that electrical fields and electrical currents can be produced by changing magnetic fields TERM 46 Nucleus DEFINITION 46 the small, massive central part of the atom TERM 47 Proton DEFINITION 47 Positively charged nuclear particle TERM 48 Neutron DEFINITION 48 electrically neutral nuclear particle TERM 49 Electron DEFINITION 49 An atomic particle with negative charge and low mass TERM 50 Atomic Number DEFINITION 50 number of protons in an atom or if the atom is not charged the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus TERM 51 Mass Number DEFINITION 51 the number of neutrons plus the number of protons, which determines the mass of an isotope TERM 52 Atomic Weight DEFINITION 52 the ratio of the average mass of atoms of an element (from a given source) to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 TERM 53 Isotopes DEFINITION 53 atoms whose nuclei have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons TERM 54 Molecules DEFINITION 54 a cluster of atoms that bond together; the basic constituent of many different kinds of materials TERM 55 Electrolysis DEFINITION 55 a method of using an electric current to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction; commercially highly important as a stage in the separation of elements from naturally-occurring sources