Bio 1107 Spring 2011 Study Guide: Chemical Signals in Animals - Prof. Thomas Abbott, Study notes of Biology

Download Bio 1107 Spring 2011 Study Guide: Chemical Signals in Animals - Prof. Thomas Abbott and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Study Guide, Exam V Bio 1107, Spring 2011 Chapter 47, (Chemical Signals in Animals, pages 929-947) After reading this chapter and attending lecture, you should be able to: 1. Compare the response times of the two major systems of internal communication: the nervous system and the endocrine system. 2. On the basis of structure and function, distinguish among types of chemical messengers/signals. 3. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands. 4. Describe the relationships among endocrine system components: hormones, endocrine glands, target cells, and target cell receptors. 5. List the general chemical classes of hormones and give examples of each. 6. Explain how pheromone function differs from hormone function. 7. Provide indirect evidence that humans may communicate with pheromones. 8. State which of the two classes of hormones is lipid soluble, and explain how this property affects hormone function. 9. Describe the mechanism of steroid hormone action, and explain the location and role of steroid hormone receptors. 10. Explain how to account for specificity in target cell response to hormonal signals. 11. Compare and contrast the two general modes of hormone action. 12. Describe the location of the hypothalamus, and explain how its hormone- releasing cells differ from both endocrine gland secretory cells and other neurons. 13. Describe the location of the pituitary, and explain the functions of the posterior and anterior lobes. 14. List the posterior pituitary hormones, and describe their effects on target organs. 15. Using antidiuretic hormone as an example, explain how a hormone contributes to homeostasis and how negative feedback can control hormone levels. 16. Define tropic hormone, and describe the functions of tropic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary. 17. Explain how the anterior pituitary is controlled. 18. List hormones of the thyroid gland, and explain their role in development and metabolism. 19. Diagram the negative feedback loop which regulates the secretion of thyroid hormones. 20. State the location of the parathyroid glands, and describe hormonal control of calcium homeostasis. 21. Distinguish between a and b cells in the pancreas and explain how their antagonistic hormones (insulin and glucagon) regulate carbohydrate metabolism. 22. List hormones of the adrenal medulla, describe their function, and explain how their secretion is controlled. 23. List hormones of the adrenal cortex, describe their function, and explain how their secretion is controlled. 24. Describe both the short-term and long-term endocrine responses to stress. 25. Identify male and female gonads, and list the three categories of gonadal steroids. 26. Define gonadotropin, and explain how estrogen and androgen synthesis is controlled.27. Explain how the endocrine and nervous systems are structurally, chemically, and functionally related. Chapters 45, (Electrical Signals in Animals, pages 885-900) Electrical Signals in Animals I: 885-898 After reading and attending lecture, you should be able to: 1. Compare the two coordinating systems in animals. 2. Describe the three major functions of the nervous system. 3. List and describe the three major parts of a neuron, and explain the function of each. 4. Explain how neurons can be classified by function. 5. Describe the function and location of each type of supporting cell. 6. Explain what a resting potential is, and list four factors that contribute to the maintenance of the resting potential. 7. Define equilibrium potential, and explain why the K+ equilibrium potential is more negative than the resting potential. 8. Define graded potential, and explain how it is different from a resting potential or action potential. 9. Describe the characteristics of an action potential, and explain the role membrane permeability changes and ion gates play in the generation of an action potential. 10. Explain how the action potential is propagated along a neuron. 11. Describe two ways to increase the effectiveness of nerve transmission. 12. Describe synaptic transmission across an electrical synapse and a chemical synapse. 13. Describe the role of cholinesterase, and explain what would happen if acetylcholine was not destroyed. 14. List some other possible neurotransmitters. 15. Define neuromodulator, and describe how it may affect nerve transmission. 16. Explain how excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) affect the postsynaptic membrane potential. 17. Explain how a neuron integrates incoming information, including a description of summation. 18. List three criteria for a compound 19. List two classes of neuropeptides, between endocrine and nervous control. 20. Describe two mechanisms by which a cell. to be considered a neurotransmitter. and explain how they illustrate overlap neurotransmitter affects the postsynaptic Vertebrate Nervous System II: (Pages 898-900) 1. Diagram or describe the three major patterns of neural circuits. 2. Outline the divisions of the vertebrate nervous system. 3. Distinguish between sensory (afferent) nerves and motor (efferent) nerves. 4. Define reflex and describe the pathway of a simple spinal reflex. 5. Distinguish between the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. 6. List the major components of the central nervous system. 7. Distinguish between white matter and gray matter. Chapter 46, (Animal Sensory Systems and Movement, pages: 920-926) After reading and attending lecture, you should be able to: 1. What are the principle types of skeletons in larger animals? Which type do humans have? What are the purposes of a skeleton? 2. What is the structure of a skeletal muscle? You should know the relationship between a muscle fiber, a myofibril, and a sarcomere. The following parts of the sarcomere are also important: Z line, A band, I band, H zone. Know the relationship between each of these parts of the sarcomere and the locations of actin and myosin in the sarcomere. 3. What is the sliding filament model of muscle contraction? What is ATP used for? Which of the protein molecules (actin or myosin) actually bends to cause contraction? Do the myofilaments themselves contract? How is high-energy phosphate stored in the muscle? What happens if the muscle runs out of ATP? 4. Where is calcium stored in the muscle? What regulates its release? How is it removed from the muscle cell? 5. What are the roles of troponin and tropomyosin? How is their interaction with actin controlled? 6. Be able to trace the excitatory events starting from the release of acetylcholine at the motor neuron synapse and ending with muscle contraction. You should know the pathway of depolarization of the muscle cell, how this leads to calcium release, and how the calcium in the myofibril leads to muscle contraction. 7. How is a person able to partially contract a muscle (such as the bicep), when the fibers of a motor unit completely contract when stimulated by a motor neuron? How is this related to recruitment? 8. What causes cardiac muscle to contract for relatively long periods of time? How are actin and myosin arranged in smooth muscle? Chapter 49, (The Immune System in Animals, pages 973-991) After reading and attending lecture, you should be able to: 1. Explain what is meant by nonspecific defense/innate immunity, and list the nonspecific lines of defense in the vertebrate body. 2. Explain how the physical barrier of skin is reinforced by chemical defenses. 3. Define phagocytosis, and list two types of phagocytic cells derived from