Final Study Guide - Principles of Biology | BSCI 105, Study notes of Biology

Download Final Study Guide - Principles of Biology | BSCI 105 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! BSCI105 - Shields STUDY GUIDE for FINAL THE EXAM IS WORTH 140 POINTS EXAM SETUP PART I MULTIPLE CHOICE (70 points) There will be 35 multiple choice questions (each worth 2 points)  ~20 from new material  ~5 from first exam material  ~5 from second exam material  ~5 from third exam material It is likely that questions from previous exams that students did poorly on may pop up again – similar by not necessarily the same. PART II 10 quickies! (20 points) This will be similar to the “10 quickies in all of the previous tests except that it will be worth 20 POINTS not, 10 points this time. Expect to be given some choices and ALL OF QUESTIONS WILL COME FROM THE NEW MATERIAL. PART III SHORT ANSWER (50points) This is evenly distributed through all of the material for the semester. HOW TO PREPARE or “WHAT SHOULD I STUDY?” As you prepare for the final, look at the things I have listed below. Note that I have only a few things for each section (i.e. many previous statements have been removed). This does not mean that the deleted stuff was unimportant; it means that the emphasis will be on those topics listed. PLEASE NOTE: As you are preparing, try to tie things together. What material in the beginning has come up time and time again? In addition, we are constantly talking about things like structure and function, the many roles of enzymes, etc. Look for connections and concentrate on the big picture. Reviewing PAK 1 and PAK 2 would probably be a good idea, as I like to use questions similar to PAKs, as you might have noticed. CHEMISTRY & MACROMOLECULES o Understand the differences between the types of bonds o Compare and contrast the four groups of macromolecules (this means understanding their units) o Understand basic atomic structure MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT o Describe the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure. o Describe what happens to cells exposed to solutions of varying tonicity. o Compare and contrast all means of transport CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION o Describe the major functions of each of the organelles. o Compare and contrast animal and plant cells. o Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes. ENERGY, ENZYMES and ATP o How do the laws of thermodynamics relate to the study of metabolism? o Make sure that you understand and can apply the following terms o entropy and delta S o free energy and delta G o exergonic and endergonic o How do enzymes work? What factors impact on enzyme function? How? o What are oxidation/reduction reactions? Given a reaction, could you determine which substance was reduced? CELLULAR RESPIRATION and FERMENTATION o What are the substrates and the products of the reactions of cellular respiration? o Explain the electron transport chain. o Where in the cell do the various metabolic reactions occur? o What is chemiosmosis? o What are the three ways ATP is generated? Compare and contrast them. o Compare and contrast respiration and fermentation. REGULATION AND CONTROL o Which enzymes in the pathways are most tightly regulated? How? PHOTOSYNTHESIS o How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interrelated? o What are the substrates and products of the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis? DNA – STRUCTURE, REPLICATION, & GENE EXPRESSION o Explain transcription in prokaryotes. How is it different in eukaryotes? o Explain translation in prokaryotes. How is it different in eukaryotes? o Given a segment of DNA, could you determine the corresponding RNA and polypeptide? o Given a segment of RNA, could you determine the corresponding DNA and polypeptide? o What is RNA processing? Where does it take place? o Compare and contrast the different types of mutations. o Compare and contrast transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. GENE EXPRESSION – CONTROL o Compare and contrast repressible operons and inducible operons. o What is meant by positive and negative control?