The History of American Indian Rights and Activism: A Timeline, Quizzes of World History

Download The History of American Indian Rights and Activism: A Timeline and more Quizzes World History in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Worcester V. Georgia DEFINITION 1 1832Part of Marshall TrilogyCherokee nation is sovereign so GA can't make laws to govern indiansSignificance: Defined Indians as having limited sovereignty - while in their territory, they remain sovereign Establish principle that the states do not have the ability to govern or tax the Indians Samuel Worcester was a missionary to the Cherokee States could not impose law on Cherokee land including taxes GA was requiring license for whites, in this case a missionary, on Cherokee land. The missionaries had to pledge allegiance to Georgia State law before venturing into Indian Territory. Worcester refused. Worcester wins the case. TERM 2 Cherokee Nation V. Georgia DEFINITION 2 1831 Marshall TrilogyDecided that Tribes were a third entity (not foreign or state)were a Domestic DependentCan't sue GA(not a foreign nation)No representation in Federal government (not a state)Established the Trust relationship between the US gov, and IndiansIndians would look to US for protection ("Ward to guardian")Case was in reaction to Georgia's goal of removalCourt made no ruling, because Marshall claimed suit was filed under wrong title of "foreign nation" TERM 3 Peyote Road DEFINITION 3 Cultural response to Assimilation policyethical code**Brotherly love, anti-alcohol, family responsibility, economic self-reliance, hard work, marital fidelity**also ancient tradition - supported by anthropologistsmany tribes adopt this - BIA tried to get bannedcould not send through mail anything seen as immoralnot seen as a valid religion - opposed by Eastman and traditionalistsseen as adopted from Americansbelieved to lead to immoral behavior**lead to the incorporation of the Native American church**14 Southwestern states have banned Peyote TERM 4 Pow Wows DEFINITION 4 cultural response to assimilation policyon Plainsshowed a sense of cultural identitydances, customs, costumes, community, ect.celebrating being an indianrepresent most public expressionfoster cultural revitalizationpan-indian activitieslack political agenda - no reform TERM 5 Society of American Indians DEFINITION 5 Political response to Assimilation Policy1911-1923Eastman is a member as well as Montazumafounded by Indians, for indiansextended membership to non-indiansonly Indians could vote and hold officesought progressive reforms - better living conditions, higher wagestended to ignore indians on reservations - overall, urban movementmany wanted to get rid of Native culture or BIAgroup broke into factions based on peyote religionfail to resolve internal conflict, bridge gap btwn urban and reservationsfelt like whites still controlled organization TERM 6 Charles Eastman DEFINITION 6 member of the Society of American Indians/TeePee Ass. of Amer.TAA was a secret brotherhood founded in 1915 in NYbased off policies of Free Masonryworked to record Indian historyIndians hold office - can have white membersended in 1927 - same problems as other groups TERM 7 National Council of American Indians DEFINITION 7 founded by Gertrude Bonnin - Zitkalasa taught boarding school formed for political support - actively campaign against Peyotestarted American Indian Magazine (1918-1919)Chautauqua circuit- gave talks around the nationfounded in 1944 in response to termination and assim. policies that U.S. forced on tribal gov. in contradiction of their treaty rights and status as sovereign entitiespromote civil rights and cultural identitylow on funds so shared space w/ American Indian Defense Assoc. TERM 8 American Indian Defense Association DEFINITION 8 founded by John Colliersought to promote Indian Civil rightsempower Indians politicallyregister them to votelargely lack info on rural indian groups (not Pan-Indian)mainly worked with the Puebloadvocate for native cultureagainst allotment policy TERM 9 Bursum Bill DEFINITION 9 people want to find way to stay legally on Indian land3 ways Color of title - ancestors on land before 1848; indians no compensation Name on Government Survey - on land before 1900, name on gov. survey; indians get comp. Claims after 1900 - courts decide if claim valid. Judged in white court; no comp. TERM 10 Executive Order Reservation DEFINITION 10 1922President open up Reservations. You could appeal to Pres to gain reservation. Lease land for extraction of resources.companies go to Pres to grant rights to land. TERM 21 Frederick Remington DEFINITION 21 "Conjuring Back the Buffalo" 1892wanted to memorialized the Indians through artreliance on mysticism - Indians using magic to get buffalo backShows Indian raising skull of buffalo to sky in attempt to bring animal back to life.Symbolic of central role buffalo played in N.A. culture and how its fate mirrored that of N.A. TERM 22 Edward Curtis DEFINITION 22 an ethnologist and photographerCompleted large work called The North American Indiangoal to document as much American Indian tradition life as possible before disappearedalmost all pictures stagedtook out signs of modernity - posed and dressed Indians certain waypictures contributed to stereotype still today TERM 23 Scientific Racism DEFINITION 23 Social Darwinism - apply evolution to social groups to justify racism of one group over anotherSouthern whites moved west, became political leaders, still racisttake away voting rightslate 19th C., Indians no longer assimilable, became unwantedhuge immigration waves sparked fear of vanishing White Culturered scare/Anti-Asian TERM 24 "End of Trail" DEFINITION 24 Sculpture by James Earle Fraserexhausted pony at edge of mountain cliff w/ indian ridermemorialize indiansno longer obstacle for expansion TERM 25 Charles Burke DEFINITION 25 appointed commissioner of Indian Affairsresponsible for well being of Indianshe and Albert Fall hostile to Indiansbelieved that non-indian businesses should have access to Indian resourcesresponsible for three attacks:Bursum Bill; Executive Order Reservations; Circular 1665 TERM 26 Albert Fall DEFINITION 26 Secretary of Interior 1921appoints Burke as commissionerresponsible for well-being of indianshostile to indians, wanted access to indian landsresponsible for three attacks:Bursum Bill; Executive order Reservation; Circular 1665 TERM 27 Merriam Report DEFINITION 27 1928Louis Merriam study on conditions on reservationsfinds terrible poverty, starvationSign.: catalyst for hearings. Congress hold hearings ON reservations to hear about conditions from Indians who live thereBlames poverty on allotment policyHoover appoints new commissioner. New guy wants to help, but depression hits so no $ given to help TERM 28 John Collier DEFINITION 28 Social worker for immigrants in NYBelieved Indian culture should be encouraged instead of Americanizedcompares Bolsheviks from Russian Revolution in 1917 to Indiansaccused of communism; resigns in 1945Harold Ickes, Secretary of Interior appoints to Board of Indian Affairsfight to extend New Deal Programs to Indians as well (CCC-ID)Collier in charge of Japanese Inter. Camp. WWII; preserve Japanese culture. Dillion meyer don't like so replaced Collier TERM 29 "Red Atlantis" DEFINITION 29 Collier goes South West to Pueblosfinds it to be unique place of communal valuesNative American Defense Association: bohemian types, artists; ext to improve Indian health care TERM 30 Indian Arts and Crafts Board DEFINITION 30 Promote sale of Indian arts and crafts. Stop those who fake indian artenforces Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990provided business advice, info on I.A.C.A to Native artistsStarts museums TERM 31 Indian Reorganization Act DEFINITION 31 1934Stopped Allotmentprevented indian communities from being alloted out of existence TERM 32 Navajo Stock Reduction Program DEFINITION 32 20th C. - whites want Indian resourceslands contain coal, uraniumNavajo build power plant - coal basedsmoke polluted land and livestockcontinues to be controversial - environmental controls don't applyplant for white cities, not for themselves TERM 33 Ira Hayes DEFINITION 33 worked for CCC-IDBecame paratrooper in WWII. gain notoriety in Iwo JimaHayes sent to raise flag (famous pic)Sent to speak at rallies across US TERM 34 Montoya v. United States DEFINITION 34 1901Decides how to determine who is an Indian in eyes of U.S.Definition: A body of Indians of the same or similar race, united in community under one leadership or gov, inhabiting a singular locationinfluenced Federal Acknowledgement Project 19783 conditions:common Indian Ancestry; Continuous Community and Political Leadership; Historical Attachment to a particular geographical area TERM 35 Pocahontas Exception DEFINITION 35 During Eugenics CrazeCertificates of Racial Purity for every child born in Virginia (1912)No black blood could be white but... 1/16 Indian still could be whiteInfluential politicians like to claim Pocahontas ancestry"First Family of Virginia"gives them royal ties TERM 46 Dick WIlson DEFINITION 46 Corrupt leader on Pine Ridge Reservation. Hires friends as personnel. Leads to Wounded Knee fight TERM 47 Self-Determination DEFINITION 47 Federal Policy after 1970s4 requests:COntrol of Indian EducationRights to Administer Assistance ProgramsFederal Acknowledgment ProjectNative American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act TERM 48 NAGPRA DEFINITION 48 bones of N.A. returned to right tribes, after being stored in Smithsonian museums.Take inventory, have list ready for tribes to take items backCreates Native American Museum TERM 49 Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez DEFINITION 49 1978Marinez wants daughter to be citizen like men do when marry outside tribe. Calls violation of daughter's Civl Rights under 1968 Indian Civil Rights ActSupreme Court says tribe has right to limit membership. Tribes distinct sovereign entitiesCan't use ICRA as evidence in tribal casesSign: gutted rights of Indians to go to U.S. Courts for better ruling if don't get fair decision in tribal court TERM 50 Oliphant v. Suquamish DEFINITION 50 1978Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191 (1978) is a United States Supreme Court case regarding the criminal jurisdiction of Tribal courts over non-Indians. Police on Res don't have authority over non-indians when commit crime on res landbig loss for indian sovereignty TERM 51 Duro v. Reina DEFINITION 51 1990Duro v. Reina, , was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court concluded that Indian tribes could not prosecute Indians who were members of other tribes for crimes committed by those nonmember Indians on their reservations. Could only hold people until federal gov comes to get criminal TERM 52 Council of Energy Resources Tribes DEFINITION 52 CERT26 tribes gather in D.C. to counter energy competition under LaDonna Harris from American Indians for Economic Opportunity (1970)Receive grant to gather info on all tribe resources and develop a model leasing agreementMaxes tribal role in energy usage on indian lands; tribes more powerburdened with stereotype of hippie indian; victims of environ. racismnon-indian groups want to co-manage resources which upsets indians. TERM 53 American Indian Gaming and Regulatory Act DEFINITION 53 AIGRA 19883 classes of gaming:1st: Bones, Dice; State not prohibit, can't regulate2nd: Bingo, cards: State law authorize and not prohibit3rd: Blackjack, Roulette; must have contract between indians and State. State must be "fair" in contractProb: Governors like 'cause free revenue, but morally wrong?White businessmen control funds to start businessScandal: Abramoff Scandal (2006)