Term 1: Statistics and Research Methods - Definitions and Concepts, Quizzes of Urbanization

Download Term 1: Statistics and Research Methods - Definitions and Concepts and more Quizzes Urbanization in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Unit of Observation DEFINITION 1 Entity from which data are collected TERM 2 Unit of Analysis DEFINITION 2 Entity from which conclusions will apply. TERM 3 Ecological Fallacy DEFINITION 3 An ecological fallacy are inferences about the nature of specific individuals are based solely upon aggregate statistics collected for the group to which those individuals belong. TERM 4 3 characteristics of true experiments DEFINITION 4 1) Participants are assigned to two or more groups. 2) Variation in the independent variable takes place before the dependent variable is measured. 3) All other differences between the groups are held constant through randomization and experimental control. TERM 5 Experimental Group DEFINITION 5 receives a novel treatment that is the focus of the study. TERM 6 Comparison Group DEFINITION 6 receives a treatment that is very similar to the experimental group in all respects except one. TERM 7 control group DEFINITION 7 comparison group that receives no treatment. TERM 8 Quasi-Experiments DEFINITION 8 experiments that lack one or more of the characteristics of true experiments. TERM 9 Population DEFINITION 9 is the total set of cases about which we wish to draw some conclusions. TERM 10 Sample DEFINITION 10 a subset of the population from which data are collected. TERM 21 Probability Sampling DEFINITION 21 Designed to minimize potential selection bias, thus selecting a sample that is representative of the population. TERM 22 Stratified random sampling DEFINITION 22 Used to ensure adequate representation of specific groups in the final data set. TERM 23 Cluster sampling DEFINITION 23 Used primarily when there is no sample frame that lists all units of analysis (e.g., households) and very high response rates are needed. TERM 24 Advantage of the free response format DEFINITION 24 Personal associations/meaning. TERM 25 Disadvantages of the free response format DEFINITION 25 Answers are time consuming for respondents to provide and interviewers to analyze. TERM 26 Likert scale DEFINITION 26 five point scale--strongly disagree to strongly agree is extremely common. TERM 27 "Double barreled" statements DEFINITION 27 This question asks about two different issues. How do you answer if you agree with one and disagree with the other. TERM 28 Constructed or ad hoc attitudes DEFINITION 28 People sometimes express opinions when asked about topics they know little or nothing about.