Finals Reviewers for Introduction to Communication Media, Study notes of Mass Communication

Download Finals Reviewers for Introduction to Communication Media and more Study notes Mass Communication in PDF only on Docsity! Sex and Violence in the Media Catharsis Theory suggests that rather than be harmful, on society. people, in course of daily life, build up frustrations. Vicarious participation in others' aggressions help release those tensions. In other words, every day we build up frustrations. Without a release valve we risk the chance of becoming violent, or at least aggressive. says by watching violence we are less likely to be violent as we release the tension. VIOLENCE IN MEDIA ACTUALLY HAS A POSITIVE EFFECT CENTRAL ASSUMPTION —> CATHARSIS THEORIST Aggressive Cues Theory Then there is the opposite view, that exposure to aggressive stimuli = increases physiological & emotional arousal = increases probability of violence. point out that watching violence does not mean we'll always be more aggressive or violent, but it increases the chances. How the violence is presented will have an impact on us, too. If we can relate to the protagonist committing the violence, or it's presented in a justifiable way, it can lead to aggressive behavior. If something is shown or portrayed in the media, it will get normalized and accepted. Example: steelworkers drink & brawl after work everyday and a bratty kid gets spanked in a media portrayal VIOLENCE DOES HAVE AN IMPACT. CENTRAL ASSUMPTION —> AGGRESSIVE CUES THEORIST OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING THEORIST Observational Learning Theory Watching violent media portrayals will teach you new ways to be violent. Examples: Watching a morbid crime movie where the criminal makes the fatal mistake you catch yourself. saying, "If I ever committed a murder I would not make THAT mistake?" OR walking down a dark alley and someone steps out in front of you and makes a threatening gesture. So you think of some kung fu/karate moves you might make to defend yourself. PEOPLE CAN LEARN BY OBSERVING AGRESSION, AND UNDER SOME CONDITIONS, MODEL IT'S BEHAVIOR. says that not only would the media violence increase the probability of the viewer committing an aggression or violence, it teaches the viewer how to do it. They also pointed out that people won't automatically go out and mimic the violent act, but store the information away in the brain. Reinforcement Theory media portrayals reinforce established behaviors viewers bring with them to the media situation. Reinforcement Theory DEBUNKS THE FIRST THREE THEORIES. Violent portrayals increase aggression and violence likelihood for those who accept violence as normal, while it decreases for those raised to believe violence is bad, reinforcing prior beliefs. would say that to predict an outcome, consider the viewer's background, cultural norms, and social roles. If a person grew up in a crime-ridden neighborhood, violent portrayals are more likely to lead to violence, HIGHLIGHTING SELECTIVE PERCEPTION. You are going to run across the gentle old man who everyone believed would never hurt a fly who whacks his family into a thousand pieces one day. Or you are going to find the gang member who one day recognizes the futility of violence and turns to the priesthood. CENTRAL ASSUMPTION —> REINFORCEMENT THEORIST EXEMPTION TO THE RULE —> Sexism in Advertising 1. Media shows women as sexual objects to attract the attention of potential customers. 2. The objectification of men as sexual beings is also becoming increasingly common in advertising. Intro to Communication Media First semester / Finals Cultivation Theory Rather than predict that we will turn to or from violence, it the symbolic world of media, particularly TV, shapes and maintains audience's conception of the real world. In other words, it creates fantasy world that is mean spirited and danagerous. It also creates stereotypes of dominant/weak folk in society. Example: Imagine a bank robber who is big and mean. Is our imaginary bank robber of certain race? Are all people that look like this bank robber actually mean back robbers? OR when people starts to show signs of age with gray hair and wrinkles around your eyes. If you are a. man in the media, that is good and shows maturing. If you are a woman, it's bad and shows that you are old and less vital. CENTRAL ASSUMPTION —> Intro to Communication Media First semester / Finals LOOKS AT HOW WE'LL REACT TO THE VIOLENCE. The media portrays a mean world with rampant neighborhood crime, leading some viewers to believe it's unsafe to leave their homes or apartments and become shut-ins. Broadcast Media Ethics “the embodiment of all principles of morality and refinement that should govern the conduct of every broadcast journalist” Constitutional Rights & Ethical Practices - “Our rights end… Where the rights of others begin” The State & Broadcast Journalists Freedom of the press, speech and expression is limited by the right of the State to survive thus, National Security is an inherent limitation on the said Constitutional rights. Basis for State Regulation (Broadcast Media) Broadcast Journalist & Private Persons Every person has the right to LIFE, LIBERTY, PROPERTY & THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS Human Rights of persons include the rights to PRIVACY, to be treated with dignity, the rights against harassment & exploitation, and a JUST & HUMANE EXISTENCE. There are also rights of special categories of persons such as women, children & Persons With Disabilities Summary of Limitations Use of a natural resource, a part of the national patrimony. Use of airwaves should be utilized for the State's interests, welfare & improvement of the life of Filipinos. Right of the State to survive – National Security Individual and Human Rights - Laws Social Norms The KBP Code of Ethics The essence of the KBP code of ethics (also known as the broadcast code ) is to ensure that the power of broadcast media is used responsibly through self-regulation. verification of news sources & handling of unverified news. – Rationale is “absence of bias” and respect for the rights of others. – Pending legislation -> The Senate/Congress is drafting legislation to legislate the right to respond, requiring journalists to adhere to ethical standards for self-regulation. – Public personalities vis-à-vis private individuals – Always deal with issues and not personalities – Sensationalism must be avoided – Draw the line between coverage of news and creating or participating in the news Respect for Privacy Crime Scenes and Crisis Situation Right to Respond MUST ALWAYS BE TRUE AND ACCURATE: G L O B A L F L O W O F C O M M U N I C A T I O N Globalization process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange. increased the production of goods and services. The biggest companies are no longer national firms but multinational corporations with subsidiaries in many countries. has been taking place for hundreds of years, but has speeded up enormously over the last half-century. MANFRED STEGER: Nation–State & Economic Globalization Neo - Liberals claim that nation –states have lost an important element of economic sovereignty “Buy Taiwan, hold Italy and sell France”, Thomas Friedman compared countries to individual stocks. Buy Taiwan -> for the materials Hold Italy -> production place Sell France -> sell it to France The major players of global economy are the transnational corporations or TNCs Transnational Corporation. — e constantly evolving as a result of outsourcing activity Example : AMERICAN CAR (WTO) KOREA – assembly JAPAN – components & advanced technology GERMANY – design TAIWAN & SINGAPORE – minor parts UK – advertising and marketing services IRELAND/ BARBADOS – data process Result of Globalization increased international trade a company operating in more than one country greater dependence on the global economy freer movement of capital, goods, and services recognition of companies such as McDonalds and Starbucks • Although globalization is probably helping to create more wealth in developing countries - it is not helping to close the gap between the world's poorest countries and the world's richest. Intro to Communication Media First semester / Finals Culture and Globalization "Global village” Communications technology is “shrinking” our world “Cultural imperialism” “Globalization refers to the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and worldspace” Global Imaginary & Global Village Media have linked the globe with stories, images, myths and metaphors. Global Imaginary - the globe itself as imagined community. Global Village - has brought no collective harmony or peace ✓ Marshall McLuhan - predicted that media & globalization have connected the world. ✓ Media have connected the world in ways that create a global village. Attributes of Globalization 1. • DIVERSE (can be economic, political, cultural, etc.) • ENABLED by various factors, pressures, media, etc. • UNEVEN (different degrees of interconnection) 2. • NGOs • Friendships/Relationships • Government associations • MNCs Boyle (2007) argues that the mass media has changed the way young people see themselves. Young people spend more and more time online on social networks with a global reach. VARIOUS FORMS OF CONNECTIVITY Expansion and Stretching of Social Relations 3. • From snail mail to Facebook • Live television • Increased travel (cheap flights) 4. • We think about the world (#PrayforGaza for example) • We associate ourselves with global trends (fan of K-Pop) • Hopefully, we feel some sense of responsibility (climate change) Intensification and Acceleration of Social Exchanges and Activities Occurs Subjectively Media and Globalization. • The two concepts have been partners throughout the whole of human history. • “Globalization and media have created the conditions through which many people can now imagine themselves as part of one world.” Media and Economic Globalization. • Media fosters the conditions for global capitalism. • “Economic and cultural globalization arguably would be impossible without a global commercial media system to promote global markets and to encourage consumer values” – Robert Mc Chesney Media and Political Globalization. • Though media corporations are themselves powerful political actors, individuals journalists are subject to intimidations as more actors contend for power. • In the age of political globalization: government shape and manipulate the news. Is this also true for the Philippines? • Media complicates politics…how? Media and Cultural Globalization. • Media on one level are the carriers of culture. • It generates numerous and on-going interactions • Globalization will bring about and increasing blending or mixture of cultures. What is the role of media in the blending or mixture of culture? Popular Music and Globalization. • Media on one level are the carriers of culture. • It generates numerous and on-going interactions • Globalization will bring about and increasing blending or mixture of cultures. What is the role of media in the blending or mixture of culture? Cultural Imperialism • Popularized by Jeremy Tunstall who described this term as a situation in which “authentic traditional, local culture…is being battered out of existence by the indiscriminate dumping of large quantities of slick commercial and media products, mainly from the US. Intro to Communication Media First semester / Finals Attributes of Globalization Is the mass medi a positive force in globalization? • McLuhan (1962) used the term global village. What does this mean? The argument for…. • Mass media is a force for positive change in the world. • Mass media breaks down barriers of understanding. • Can we now have ‘real world’ convos in the digital sphere that would have otherwise not taken place? • Flew (2002) suggests the media, through globalization, has created a global popular culture. What is this? • Through TV, satellite, advertising and the internet, global corporations such as Starbucks, have spread a globally identifiable culture. • Global culture or mass culture is everyday mass media designed for mass consumption e.g. tabloid newspapers, MTV, Hollywood films. •The Pluralist approach to the mass media. What is this? • Argues media, like society, has become more diverse; offers greater variety & choice than ever before. • Consumers are in control and have the benefit of huge choice in their media consumption – widening their cultural horizons and giving them access to high culture. What is this? High culture is set apart from mass culture, often aimed at middle and upper-class audiences. E.g. Intellectual literature, opera, documentaries. • How could we be critical of the mass media’s role in globalization? Why does this matter? MARXIST CRITIQUE, CULTURAL IMPERIALISM? or MEDIA IMPERIALISM? What is this? • Fenton (1999) argues that global culture has led to the westernization of other cultures. The mass media forces western cultural values (especially American) on nonwestern countries. • Mass media is damaging other cultures & promotes cultural homogenization, where everything is the same. • Karl Marx, a 19th century political and economic philosopher argued that this expansion of markets and the greater flow of goods and services would be the form capitalist society would take as it developed. He saw these stages through an economic lens; those of higher productive capabilities naturally will eliminate those with less. • Marx argued that world civilization has become finance-driven due to debt-driven vehicles, marking the end of U.S. world domination. The U.S. controls world banking and non-banking systems, pegged to the dollar. Despite its weakness, the dollar remains the preferred currency for other nations. The U.S. economy's health is crucial for world civilization's financial stability, indicating depression in developing countries. • Corporate entities a threat to democracy. • Lack of regulation – the internet is the wild west of information. • Mass audiences has led to the ‘dumbing down’ of content, there is actually less consumer choice. • Increased social isolation. Virtuality and a loss of social capital (real human networks of support in communities). • Digital divide whereby those who don’t have access to the mass media miss out, creating global inequalities. Intro to Communication Media First semester / Finals OTHER CRITICISMS OF THE MASS MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION Media Flows — Concept developed by a series of empirical studies in the 1970s and 80s. The research claimed the existence of unbalanced, unidirectional flows of TV programs and foreign news from the “center” to the “periphery” (Kaarle, Nordnstreng & Tapio Varis, 1974)